ВСТУПЛЕНИЕ 6 страница

2. Функции и перевод словаone (ones)(§ 36)

3. Существительные в функции определения (§ 1)

Часть I

Слова к части I

respiration [respa'reij9n] пдыханиеrespiratory [ris'pai9r3t9ri] адыхатель­ный

waste products ['weist 'proctakts] про­дуктыраспадаremove [ri'mu:v] v удалять, выводитьinhale [in'heil] v вдыхатьinhalation [inha'leijsn] n вдыханиеexhale [eks'heil] v выдыхатьexhalation [ekshs'leijbn] n выдыханиеbreathe [bri:d] v дышатьpass [pa:s] v проходитьpassage, passage-way ['paesidj], ['paesicfcwei] n проход, воздухо­носныйпуть

windpipe [windpaip] n дыхательноегорло

trachea [tra'kia] n трахеяbronchus ['brogkas] (pi. bronchi

['brogkai]) n бронхbronchial[Ъгэг)к1э1]абронхиальныйdivide [di'vaid] v делитьsurround [sa'raund] v окружатьinvolve [in'vDlv] v вовлекать, затра­гивать

involvement [in volvmsnt] n вовлече­ние

Упражнения

Упражнение 1. Прочтите следующие пары предложений и переведите их на русский язык.

1. We call three major types of blood vessels arteries, veins and cap­illaries. - Smaller branches of arteries are called arterioles. 2. The heart pumps the blood into the lung by circulatory system. - From the left heart the blood is pumped into the aorta. 3. Pulmonary artery divides into two branches. — The upper extremity is divided into the shoulder, the upper arm, the forearm and the hand. 4. The right carotid artery distributes blood to all parts of the right side of the neck, face, head and brain. - The blood from the aorta is distributed throughout the body.

Упражнение 2. Прочтите следующие предложения. Определите время и залог сказуемого. Переведитепредложения.

1. These textbooks will be distributed among all the students of our group. 2. Harvey collected ideas of the circulation of blood which until then had been studied but not confirmed by experiments. 3. Lymph passes through the lymphatic glands which act as filters and keep back any poisonous material, such as germs that has been brought to them in the lymph. 4. Those who have been in close contact with the infected patients must be quarantined for a time. 5. The heart muscle is nour­ished by coronary arteries. 6. When the left ventricle is contracting its contained blood is being forced into the aortic artery.

Упражнение 3. Переведите предложения. Определите какую функцию выполняет словоone (ones).

1. There are four chambers in the heart: two smaller ones, the auri­cles, and two larger ones, the ventricles. 2. One often describes the heart as consisting of a base and an apex. 3. Harvey showed that there was a double channel: in one set of vessels — the arteries, away from the heart; in another set — the veins to the heart. 4. One must remember that air is at all times full of bacteria.

Упражнение 4. Прочтите следующие предложения. Замените выделенные су­ществительные словами-заменителямиone (ones).Переведитепредложения.

1. Here are some books, which book do you want? 2. This text is very difficult to translate without a dictionary; give me another text. 3. My watch is not working well. I must buy a new watch. 4. These exercises are much easier than the exercises we translated at the last lesson.

v/

Упражнение 5. Переведите следующие словосочетания. Назовите суще­ствительные, выполняющие функцию (левого) определения.

blood circulation, one-way valve, cone-shaped organ, striated muscle tissue, smooth muscle cells, heart valves action, heart beat rate, tissue oxygen supply, heart blood output

Упражнение 6. Переведите предложения, содержащие группы существи­тельных. Помните, что основное слово стоит последним в ряду слов и перед ним нет ни артикля, ни предлога.

1. The blood-pressure measurement method is very simple. 2. The heart wall is composed of two layers. 3. The arterioles divide into small­er tissue capillaries which are near the body cells. 4. In this picture you can see the blood vessel size differences. 5. Smooth muscle tissue pre­dominates in the small arteries and elastic tissue — in the large arteries.

Упражнение 7. Прочтите следующие слова. Переведите их.

carbon dioxide ['ка:Ьэпdai'oksaid], waste products ['weist 'prodakts], nitrogen ['naitradbpn], cilium ['siliam] (pi. cilia ['silia]), nasapharynx [ neiza'faerigks], sinuses ['sainasiz], pleura ['plusra]

Упражнение 8. Напишите данные слова в 3 столбика в соответствии с чтением суффикса-edкак [t], [d], [id] и переведите их.

removed, exhaled, distinguished, involved, inhaled, circulated, dif­fused, breathed, called, produced, included, provided, connected

Упражнение 9. Отработайте чтение 4-го абзаца текста А.

Упражнение 10. Познакомьтесь с разными значениями суффикса-ing. Переведите производные слова.

1. глагол +-tag= существительное: toreadчитать — readingчтение.

feeling, breathing, functioning (of the system), (the) sustaining (of life)

2. -tag- встречается в прилагательных, развившихся из причастий настоящего времени: healingцелебный.

striking, stunning, demanding, misleading, understanding

Упражнение 11.Прочтите и переведите данные гнезда слов.

1. to respire, respiration, expiration, inspiration, respiratory, inspirato­ry; 2. to produce, product, production, productive, producing; 3. to in­hale, inhalation, to exhale, exhaled, exhaling; 4. breath, to breathe, breath­ing, breathless, breathlessness; 5. to pass, passage, passing, passage-way.

Упражнение 12.Переведитеследующиесловосочетания.

expiratory centre, respiratory mechanism, waste product, metabolic product, the air conducting passage-ways, to inhale (breathe in) oxy­gen, to exhale carbon dioxide, surrounding tissues

Упражнение 13. Прочтите данные группы слов и переведите их.

1. through, throughout, though, although; 2. case, cause, course; 3. some, same, sum; 4. since, science

Упражнение 14. Просмотрите текст А. Назовите тему и основные положения текста.

Text А The respiratory system

1. Respiration occurs in all living things, both plants and animals.The proper function of this system is perhaps the most important one in the sustaining of life. Interruption of breathing for only a few minutes by suffocation or strangulation causes death. In the human organism, res­piration consists of those processes by which the body cells and tissues make use of oxygen and by which carbon dioxide or the waste products of respiration are removed.

2. Inhaled air contains about 20 per cent oxygen and four hundredths of one per cent carbon dioxide. Exhaled air consists of approximately 16 per cent oxygen and 4 per cent carbon dioxide. Nitrogen, which makes up about 79 per cent of the atmosphere, is not involved in the breathing process. When air is inhaled into the lungs, a portion of the oxygen is passing into the blood and is being circulated through the body. At the same time, carbon dioxide is being diffused out of the blood into the lungs and exhaled.

3. Air is breathed through either the mouth or nose into the oral cavity, or pharynx. It then passes through the voice box, or larynx, into the windpipe, or trachea. The trachea ultimately divides into two small­er tubes, bronchi, one is going to each lung. The bronchi divide into tiny passage-ways that are named bronchioles, which lead directly to minute air sacs, or alveoli. The exchange of life-giving gases is effected through the walls of the alveoli.

4. One must know that mechanisms in the 'upper res'piratory /tract 'serve to 'filter, and warm the 'air in its 'journey to the \ lungs. | J The 'hairs, or 'cilia, in the nostrils partially 'fil­ter out 'dust particles as does 'sticky se'cretion, 'mucus, which has be­en pro'duced by 'mucous /cells. | It lines the /mouth, 'nasal /passages, | /pharynx | and \trachea. | | 'Cilia in the 'nasal 'passages and /trachea | are effective in helping to re'move 'foreign /particles | from the 'upper res'piratory \ tract. | |

5. Other structures which have been connected with the system in­clude: the laryngeal tonsils, which are masses of tissue in the nasopharynx or posterior portions of the nasal passages (adenoids are infected or diseased laryngeal tonsils); the sinus­es, cavities in the bones in the front part of the skull that provide reso­nance to the voice, and the pleura, a double-walled membrane which sur­rounds the lungs.

6. When the diaphragm contracts

and flattens, it contributes to the ex-

Fig. 4.Pathway of air from the nose to the capillaries of the lungs.

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tension of the vertical diameter of the thoracic cavity. Air is constantly renewing in the lungs. The capacity of the air passages is increasing. Any muscular effort, e.g. even standing up, increases the number of respirations.

Упражнение 15. 1) Прочтите и переведите текст А. Абзацы 5 и 6 переведите письменно. 2) Найдите в тексте А ответы на следующие вопросы и шчитайте их.

1. What gases are involved in breathing? 2. What parts of the respi­ratory system does the air pass on its way to the alveoli? 3. What are the other structures connected with the system? 4. Does the diaphragm contribute to the extension of the vertical diameter of the thoracic

cavity? 5. Any muscular effort increases the number of respirations, doesn't it?

3) Составьте план текста A. Упражнение 16. Подберите к латинским словам английские эквиваленты.

trachea voice box

cilium hair

pharynx oral cavity

larynx windpipe

Упражнение 17. Подберите пары синонимов.

to consist of, to take part in, fine, air passage, to occur, respiratory tract, to happen, minute, to be involved in, to be made of

Упражнение 18. Образуйте пары антонимов к данным словам, используя приставку ех-, и переведите их.

to inhale, inspiration, to include

Упражнение19.Образуйте форму множественного числа от данных латинских слов.

trachea, broncus, alveolus, cilium, pleura Упражнение 20.Выберите верный перевод

Each lung is выделенных слов

1. surrounded by a double-folded membrane, the pleura, (окружает, окружило, окружено) 2. The tonsils are located in the oropharynx, (былирасположены, расположат, расположены) 3. Nu­merous questions were being discussed at the lesson, (обсуждались, обсуждают, будутобсуждены) 4. The concept of respiration was based directly upon the work of Lavoisier, (былаоснована, основывают, основана) 5. The total number of alveoli in the lung has been estimated as 750 millions, (насчитывают, насчитали, насчитал)

Упражнение 21. Переведите следующие предложения. Запомните перевод данных глаголов, требующих после себя определенных предлогов.

to refer to, to speak of, to take care of, to send for, to wait for, to think of

1. Respiration is usually thought of as the mechanical process of breathing. 2. Disease germs are sometimes referred to as bugs. 3. Those patients have been taken care of by the nurses. 4. By the discovery of

tubercule bacillus Robert Koch'had been already much spoken about.

This lecture has long been waited for.

Упражнение 22. Переведите предложения, используя разные способы перевода страдательного залога.

1. During the experiment all the work was being done automatically. 2. The lungs are separated from other organs of the body in a movable rigid-box - the chest cavity. 3. The boy with pneumonia was given necessary treatment. 4. In this journal, the method of examination of bronchi has been spoken of. 5. Air is breathed into the lungs 20 times a minute all our lives. 6. Foreign substances in the blood stream are known as emboli.

Упражнение 23. Переведите предложения, определите, где словоoneне переводится.

1. One must consider respiration essentially as exchange of gases - one in the lungs and one in the tissues. 2. Pneumonia may be caused by one of the different kinds of bacteria (germs), pneumococcus. 3. The thoracic cavity that consists of ribs and muscles is the one for heart, lungs and other viscera. 4. The lungs are built of alveoli and through the bronchi, larynx, pharynx, mouth cavity and nasal one they expire car­bon dioxide (C0₂) and inspire oxygen. 5. In the cross-sections one can see how the lungs are separated from the chest wall by the pleura.

Упражнение 24.Переведитеследующиесловосочетания.

1. life-giving gas, life-giving gas exchange; 2. tissue masses, tissue masses structures; 3. respiration waste products, respiration waste prod­ucts removal; 4. carbon dioxide, carbon dioxide exhalation; 5. double- walled membrane, double-walled lung membrane; 6. blood capillaries, blood capillaries dense network; 7. thoracic cavity volume, thoracic cavity volume increase; 8. body cell oxygen, body cell oxygen supply.

Упражнение 25. Переведите на английский язык.

1. Дыхание свойственно всему живому — как животным, так и растениям. 2. В процессе дыхания ткани поглощают кислород, а углекислый газ выводится из организма. 3. Воздух, который мы вдыхаем, содержит около 20% кислорода. 4. Бронхи делятся на мел­кие воздухоносные пути, называемые бронхиолами. 5. Прекраще­ние дыхания даже на несколько минут приводит к смерти.

Часть II

Слова к части II

exhange [iks'tfeincfe] nобмен; vоб­мениваться) alveolus [ael'vialas] (pi.alveoli

[ael'vialai]) nальвеола alveolar [ael'viols] а альвеолярный dense [dens] а плотный transverse ['traenzva:s] а поперечный flatа плоский

flatten ['flaetn] уделать(ся) ровным, плоским

since [sins]advс тех пор;prpс (како- го-л. времени);cjтак как, по­скольку

content ['kontant] п содержимое eliminate [i'limineit] vвыводить, уда­лять

elimination [ilimi'neijn] nвыведе­ние, удаление contribute [ksn'tribjut] v (to)содей­ствовать, способствовать through [Oru:]prepсквозь, через

Упражнения

Упражнение 1. Прочтите и переведите следующие слова. Проверьтесебяпословарю.

maximum, production, pleural, passively, position, elasticity, tract, pulmonary, ventilation

Упражнение 2.Подберитепарысинонимов.

interior, per minute, to take place, because, to occur, since, internal, each minute, a minute

Упражнение 3. Образуйте от данных слов антонимы, используя приставки ex-, un-, in-.

interior, decrease, inspiratory, important Упражнение 4.Прочтите и запомните перевод словrest, activity.

1. rest остаток: the rest of the students, the rest of blood, for the rest востальном; покой: at rest всостояниипокоя, a resthome домотдыха

2. activity 1.неиснислдеятельность: respiratory activity; активность: political activity of the masses; 2.обычн. pi.деятельность (вопред. области): his social (political) activities

Упражнение 5. Прочтите и запомните следующие устойчивые словосоче­тания с предлогомat.

atlastнаконец atthesametimeв то же самое время

atleastпо крайней

%

(меньшей) мере

Упражнение 6. Просмотрите текст В (время 10 мин). 1) Скажите, на сколько частей можно разделить текст. 2) Найдите предложения, где употребля­ются: а) глаголы-сказуемые в PassiveVoice; б) слово one (ones); в) суще­ствительные в функции определения. 3) Переведитеэтипредложения.

Text ВRespiration

The term «respiration» means the exchange of gases (oxygen and carbon dioxide) which takes place between the living organism and the environment. One must consider that in higher organisms this exchange takes place at several different levels. An initial exchange must occur between the air in the lungs, from which the oxygen is being continually taken up and into which carbon dioxide is being continually poured, and the external air. This is the process of external respiration.

The composition of the air inside the lungs is different from that of the air which we inhale. The content of alveolar air is very constant, especial­ly the one of carbon dioxide, the partial pressure of which is normally 40 mm of mercury. This constancy is the result of a self-regulating mecha­nism by which the respiratory activity is governed by the amount of car­bon dioxide which has been eliminated from the organism.

The exchange of gases varies according to the size and activity of the organism. In man at rest the absorption of oxygen reaches about 0.25 litre a minute and the elimination of carbon dioxide 0.2 litre. At a time of maximum muscular activity, the consumption of oxygen and the produc­tion of carbon dioxide may both exceed 4 litres a minute.

The movement of air into the lungs is brought about by an increase in the volume of the thoracic cavity with the action of the respiratory muscles. The lungs follow this movement passively. Some of the in­spiratory muscles have a fixed point on the ribs; when the ribs are being raised the muscles increase the anteroposterior and transverse diameters of the thoracic cavity (costal respiration). Another important muscle is the diaphragm, a thin dome-shaped «sheet», which closes the lower part of the thorax and separates it from the abdomen. The diaphragm con­tracts and flattens; it contributes in this way to the extension of the vertical diameter of the thoracic cavity and raises the ribs (abdominal respiration). At the time of expiration, the thorax returns to its initial

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position, and air is expelled through the same tracts that had been used by fresh air during inspiration.

In an individual at rest the number of inspirations per minute is 10 to 15; the pulmonary ventilation, or the volume of air which passes through the respiratory system each minute, is about 6 litres per minute. During intense muscular activity the inspiration rate may rise to 50 and the ventilation to 150 litres or more per minute.

Упражнение 8. Прочтите данные суждения. Найдите в тексте предложения, более полно выражающие мысль этих суждений.

1. The term «respiration» means the exchange of gases. 2. An initial exchange between the air in the lungs and the external air is called external respiration. 3. The exchange of gases varies according to the size and activity of the organism. 4. The content of alveolar air is very constant. 5. The diaphragm contracts and flattens.

Часть III

Контрольно-обобщающие упражнения к уроку 4

Упражнение 1. Переведите предложения с глаголом-сказуемым в страда­тельном залоге.

1. Oxygen is being continually taken up from the lungs. 2. The ex­change of gases varies according to the size and activity of the organism.

3. Some of the respiratory muscles have a fixed point on the ribs. 4. Air is expelled through the tracts that have been used by fresh air during inspiration. 5. The heart wall is composed of two layers.

(Ответ: 1, 4, 5. Если вы ошиблись, повторите § 14 Грамматичес­кого справочника.)

Упражнение 2. Прочтите предложения, где словоone— числительное. Переведитеэтипредложения.

1. The lungs are two in number and one of them is in the right half of the thoracic cavity. 2. One must know that smoking is harmful. 3. The right lung is separated from the left one by the mediastinal septum.

4. There is one movable bone in the skull. 5. The right and left pleural cavities are serous sacs with visceral layers and parietal ones.

(Ответ: 1, 4. Если вы ошиблись, повторите § 36 Грамматического справочника.)

Упражнение 3. Опишите органы дыхания, используя рис. 4.

Lesson 5О 83

LESSON FIVE--------------------- ----------------------------------------

THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

1. Неопределенные местоименияsome, any, noи их производные (§ 7)

2. Дополнительные, определительные и обстоятельственные придаточные предложения (§ 29)

3. Функции и перевод слова it(§ 35)

Часть I

Слова к части I

pelvis ['pelvis]п таз pelvic ['pelvik]а тазовый enclose [in'klouz] vзаключать, ссу­жать ^K'/ OOL. . <V-Upsupport [sd'po:t] vподдерживать gall-bladder['дэ:1Ыаес1э]nжелчный пузырь

stomach ['sUmak] nжелудок weigh [wei] vвзвешивать, весить weight [weit] nвес

wide [waid] аширокий

widen ['waid(a)n] v расширять(ся)

width [widO] nширина

long[1эг)1 а длинный

length [1ег)0] n длина

lengthen [legOan] v удлинять(ся)

inch [intf] n дюйм

narrow ['naerou] аузкий; v сужаться

Упражнения

Упражнение 1. Заполните пропуски неопределенными местоимениями some, any, по и их производными.

&<V

1. Are there ... gramijiar^exercises in this textbook? 2. Give the pa­tient ^analgetic.3.Can sbow me the way to the Rectorate? 4^/was allowed to visit the boy because of the quarantine. J. My eyeglasses Шёbad, I can't see ... now. 6. You may ask ... to help you.

Ог. » Mn. ^octAjJeO^

Упражнение 2. Переведите следующие предложения с неопределенными местоимениями some, any, по и их производными.

1. The diseases of the respiratory system depend in some way on its anatomy and functions. 2. The laws of disease are as definite and well- known as those of an^ other biological processrT.'The earliest symp- toms of bronchitis rtrast be known to everyone. 4. Anybody may catch a respiratory disease at some time or other. 5. No student has been absent from the lecture today.

Упражнение 3. В следующих предложениях определите придаточные предложения: определительные, дополнительные и обстоятельственные. Переведитепредложения.

1. Whil^ oxygen is being taken into the blood, carbonic acid gas, or carbon dioxide passes from the blood into the lungs and is breathed out. 2. If you hold your breath, the carbon dioxide immediately begins to

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accumulate in the blood. 3. The tonsils can be removed in later life, pfbvidfed the infection seems severe. 4. The right lung that is slightly larger of the two is divided into three lobes. 5. The teacher explains that the diaphragm contracts and descends with each inspiration. 6. ^henthelungsarefull, thediaphragmrelaxes.

Упражнение 4. Переведите предложения согласно образцу; обратите внимание на перевод местоименияit.

Образец: Water is liquid. Вода - жидкость.

It is necessary for life. Онанеобходимадляжизни. It is necessary for health to drink distilled water. Для здоровья необходимо пить дистиллированную воду.

1. Medicalstudentsstudyanatomy. It is difficult for them. It is diffi­cult for them to study it. 2. The amount of air which the body needs varies from time to time. It is necessary for the body. It is necessary for the body to regulate it. 3. Blood is a red fluid. It is easy to see it when it escapes from a blood vessel. 4. Pneumonia is inflammation of the lungs. It is dangerous for life. It is easy to diagnose it. 5. The larynx contains the vocal cords. It is surrounded by pieces of cartilage for support. It is

possible to examine it with special instruments. , ^;_Л

i• » i

Упражнение 5. Переведите следующие предложения. Определите, в каких предложениях словоitне переводится.

1. It is possible to remove one lobe of the lung without any damage to the rest. 2. The upper part of the respiratory system conducts air and produces the voice; it consists of the nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea and bronchi. 3. It is known that internal respiration is the exchange of gases. 4. Cold on the surface of the body can change the amount of blood in the nose or lungs when it is needed there. 5. It is by means of the organs of respiration that air is taken into the lungs and oxygen is given to the blood.

Упражнение 6. Прочтите следующие слова. Переведите их.

chest [tfest], abdomen ['aebdaman], mechanical [mi'kaenikal], chem­ical ['kemikal], diaphragm ['daisfraem], muscle ['mAsI], behind [bi'haind], to bind [baind], liver ['livs], across [a'kros], to participate [pa:'tisipeit], i оsituate ['sitjueit], substance ['sAbstsns], reservoir ['rezavwa:], palate I'paelit], to consume [kan'sjuim], diameter [dai'aemita]

Упражнение 7. Отработайте чтение следующих предложений:

The 'abdomen is the 'largest /cavity... . It is bounded a/bove..., it is separated by the 'great 'muscle of respi/ration... . 'Laterally and in /front | it is en/closed by the 'lower /ribs | ... and be/hind, | it is enclosed by the spinal \column.

Упражнение 7. Запомните значение суффикса-ic.Образуйте прилагатель­ные от следующих существительных.

-ic (-ical) образует от основ существительных относительные прилагательные, которые обозначают принадлежность или признак: pelvis— pelvic; physiology— physiological, physiologic.

history, chemistry, mechanism, toxicity, spleen <_a- ₍j J.

i'

Упражнение 8. Прочтите и переведите следующие гнезда елок:

y)J! . " Cj '

1. to bound, boundless, boundary; 2. to weigh, weight, weighing, weighed; 3. wide, to widen, width, widely; 4. long, length, to lengthen

Упражнение Прочтите и переведите ^ед^ющие словосочетания.

pelvic girdle, specific (atomic, molecular) weight, to refer a patient to a specialist, reference book, a wide variety of

Упражнение 10. Просмотрите текст А и скажите, какие органы брюшной полости описаны в данном тексте. ,

Text Ау . .

L эе j

The AMomen

The abdomen is the largest cavity of the body. It is bounded above by the l horax or chest and below by two pelvic bones which meet in front. From the cavity of the thorax jj is₎ separated by the great muscle of respiration - the diaphragm. Laterally and in front it is enclosed by the lower ribs and abdominal muscles. Behind, it is supported by the spinal column.

^r\; .

The organs of the abdominal cavity are the liver, the gall-bladder, the

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stomach, the intestines, the pancreas, the spleen, the kidneys and the

bladder.

, TJe liver lies under the right ribs and extends across to the left of the epigastritini. The liver is a large organ that weighs about 1,5 kg. Every-

body must know that the liver plays a very important role in the activities of the organism. It is the liver thatf §efcretes bile which partic­ipates in the digestive process and has a defensive function, i.e. some toxic substances are detoxified in the liver.

The gall-bladder lies beneath the right lobe of the liver. The gallbladder serves as a bile reservoir.

The stomach lies under the left ribs and extends across to the right. It is known that its smaller end situates in the epigastrium. The stomach serves as a container of food, which is partly digested in it. The size and shape of the stomach vary with any amount of food that is consumed and the extent of contraction of its wall. The stomach when it is filled with food is usually compared with a chemical retort. Its capacity is some 1—2 litres.

The intestines («internal» — Latin) occupy chiefly the central portions of the abdominal cavity. From the stomach the food passes in small portions into the small intestine where it undergoes further mechanical and chemical changes. As the contents of the small intestine cannot move back they may freely pass into the large intestine.

The «small» and «large» refers to the width, rather than the length. The small intestine is only 1 1/2 to 2 inches in diameter at the point

where it leaves the stomach and it narrows somewhat thereafter. The large intestine is up to 2 1/2 inches wide.

Упражнение 11. Прочтите и переведите письменно следующие предложе­ния из текста А.

1. The liver plays a very important part in the vital activity of the organism. It secretes bile which participates in the digestive process and has a defensive function, i.e. some toxic substances are detoxified in the liver. 2: From the stomach the food passes in small portions into the small intestine where it undergoes further mechanical and chemical changes.

3. The small intestine is only 1 1/2 to 2 inches in diameter at the point where it leaves the stomach and it narrows somewhat thereafter.

Упражнение 12. Прочтите и переведите текст А. Найдите в тексте ответы на следующие вопросы и зачитайте их.

1. Where is the largest cavity of the body situated? 2. What organs does I he abdominal cavity contain? 3. What are the characteristics of the liver?

4. What does the gall-bladder serve for? 5. What are the characteristics of (he stomach? 6. How do we distinguish «small» and «large» intestines?