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Êîìïüþòåðíàÿ òîìîãðàôèÿ




Êîìïüþòåðíîå òîìîãðàôè÷åñêîå ñêàíèðîâàíèå ìîç­ãà — îòíîñèòåëüíî íîâûé ðàäèîëîãè÷åñêèé ìåòîä, ïîçâîëÿþùèé íåïîñðåäñòâåííî íàáëþäàòü èíòðàêðàíèàëüíûå ñòðóêòóðû [205]. Áëàãîäàðÿ èñïîëüçîâàíèþ íîâåéøèõ ñêàíèðóþùèõ ñèñòåì âðà÷ ìîæåò îòëè÷àòü ñåðîå âåùåñòâî îò áåëîãî è èäåíòèôèöèðîâàòü ôîðìó è ëîêàëèçàöèþ æåëóäî÷êîâ ìîçãà è áîðîçä. Ïîñëå âíóòðè­âåííîãî ââåäåíèÿ êîíòðàñòíîãî âåùåñòâà, ñîäåðæàùåãî éîä, ìîæ­íî èäåíòèôèöèðîâàòü îáøèðíûå ñîñóäèñòûå ñòðóêòóðû ìîçãà, à òàêæå îáëàñòè ïðîðûâà ãåìàòîýíöåôàëè÷åñêîãî áàðüåðà. Êîìïüþòåðíî-òîìîãðàôè÷åñêîå ñêàíèðîâàíèå ìîçãà ïðîèçâîäèòñÿ ïóòåì ïðîïóñêàíèÿ ïó÷êà ðåíòãåíîâñêèõ ëó÷åé ÷åðåç ÷åðåï ïî îêðóæíî­ñòè â 360° âîêðóã îñè. Ïëîòíîñòü òêàíè â êàæäîé òî÷êå âäîëü ïó÷êà âîñïðîèçâîäèòñÿ êîìïüþòåðîì, è ñðåçû ìîçãà ïðîåöèðó­þòñÿ íà îñöèëëîñêîï. Ãëóáèíà ñðåçîâ ìîçãà ìîæåò âàðüèðîâàòü îò 4 äî 15 ìì, à ðàçðåøàþùàÿ âîçìîæíîñòü íà óðîâíå ñðåçà îáû÷­íî ñîñòàâëÿåò îêîëî 5 ìì. Ñîâðåìåííûå êîìïüþòåðíûå òîìîãðàôû ìîãóò ïðîèçâîäèòü ïðîñòûå ñðåçû ïðèáëèçèòåëüíî ÷åðåç 2 ñ. Ñðå­çû îáû÷íî îñóùåñòâëÿþò â ãîðèçîíòàëüíîé ïëîñêîñòè, íî îíè ìî­ãóò áûòü è âåðòèêàëüíûìè. Âîçìîæíî êîìïüþòåðíîå âîñïðîèçâå­äåíèå ñðåçîâ ìîçãà è â ëþáîé äðóãîé ïëîñêîñòè. Êîìïüþòåðíî-òîìîãðàôè÷åñêîå ñêàíèðîâàíèå ÿâëÿåòñÿ èäåàëüíûì ìåòîäîì äëÿ èçó÷åíèÿ àíàòîìèè ìîçãà, âûÿâëåíèÿ ïàòîëîãè÷åñêèõ ñòðóêòóð (äèàìåòðîì áîëüøå 5 ìì) èëè ñìåùåíèÿ íîðìàëüíûõ ñòðóêòóð [208, 277].

Êîìïüþòåðíûå òîìîãðàôû îòêðûâàþò ïåðñïåêòèâó êîëè÷åñò­âåííîé îöåíêè ðàçëè÷íûõ ÷àñòåé ìîçãà, âêëþ÷àÿ ñåðîå è áåëîå âåùåñòâî, ñïèííîìîçãîâóþ æèäêîñòü, îòå÷íóþ òêàíü [4, 240, 287] è îáúåì êðîâè [217]. Èñïîëüçîâàíèå êîìïüþòåðíûõ òîìîãðàôîâ ïðîèçâåëî ðåâîëþöèþ â äèôôåðåíöèàëüíîé äèàãíîñòèêå êîìàòîç-


íûõ ñîñòîÿíèé. Îíî îêàçàëîñü îñîáåííî âàæíûì äëÿ âûÿâëåíèÿ îáúåìíûõ ïðîöåññîâ â ãîëîâíîì ìîçãå, ðàñïîëîæåííûõ êàê ñóïðà-òåíòîðèàëüíî, òàê è ñóáòåíòîðèàëüíî. Îñîáåííî ëåãêî âûÿâèòü îñòðûå êðîâîèçëèÿíèÿ, òàê êàê èõ ïëîòíîñòü áîëüøå, ÷åì ïëîò­íîñòü íîðìàëüíûõ âíóòðè÷åðåïíûõ ñòðóêòóð. Òàêèå õðîíè÷åñêèå èçìåíåíèÿ, êàê ïîñëåäñòâèÿ ñóáäóðàëüíûõ ãåìàòîì, ÷åðåç 2—3 íåä ïðèîáðåòàþò ïëîòíîñòü, áëèçêóþ ïëîòíîñòè ìîçãîâîé òêàíè, ÷òî äåëàåò èõ âûÿâëåíèå íåâîçìîæíûì. Îäíàêî äàæå â ýòîì ñëó÷àå ñìåùåíèå æåëóäî÷êîâîé ñèñòåìû è îáëèòåðàöèÿ êîðêîâûõ áîðîçä ïîçâîëÿåò îòíîñèòåëüíî ëåãêî ïîñòàâèòü äèàãíîç [145]. Îïóõîëè ìîçãà ìîãóò èìåòü òó æå èëè ìåíüøóþ ïëîòíîñòü, ÷òî è ìîçãîâîå âåùåñòâî, îäíàêî ââåäåíèå êîíòðàñòíîãî âåùåñòâà ñ éîäîì ñïîñîá­ñòâóåò èõ âûÿâëåíèþ â ðåçóëüòàòå íàðóøåíèÿ öåëîñòíîñòè ãåìàòîýíöåôàëè÷åñêîãî áàðüåðà.

Ïî ñóùåñòâó âñåì áîëüíûì, ó êîòîðûõ ïðåäïîëàãàåòñÿ íàëè­
÷èå ñóïðàòåíòîðèàëüíîãî èëè ñóáòåíòîðèàëüíîãî îáúåìíîãî ïðî­öåññà èëè ïîâðåæäåíèÿ ìîçãà (ñì. ãëàâû 2, 3), ñëåäóåò ýêñòðåííî
ïðîâîäèòü êîìïüþòåðíóþ òîìîãðàôèþ, åñëè ýòî âîçìîæíî. Ìíî­ãèå ôîðìû ïàòîëîãèè, îáíàðóæåííûå ïðè êîìïüþòåðíîé òîìîãðàôèè, ïîääàþòñÿ õèðóðãè÷åñêîìó ëå÷åíèþ, åñëè îíî îñóùåñòâëÿåòñÿ /äîñòàòî÷íî áûñòðî, è ñòàíîâÿòñÿ íåîáðàòèìûìè, åñëè êâàëèôèöèðîâàííóþ ïîìîùü îêàçûâàþò ïîçäíî. Ïðè ìåòàáîëè÷åñêèõ
ýíöåôàëîïàòèÿõ è ïñèõîãåííîé êîìå ïðè ïîìîùè êîìïüþòåðíîé
òîìîãðàôèè âûÿâèòü íàðóøåíèè íåëüçÿ; â ýòèõ ñëó÷àÿõ áîëåå
ïîëåçíîé ÷àñòî îêàçûâàåòñÿ ÝÝÃ,

Îñíîâíàÿ ïðîáëåìà, âîçíèêàþùàÿ ïðè îáñëåäîâàíèè áîëüíûõ, íàõîäÿùèõñÿ â êîìàòîçíîì ñîñòîÿíèè, çàêëþ÷àåòñÿ â òîì, ÷òî ìíîãèå èç íèõ âîçáóæäåíû è àðòåôàêòû äâèæåíèé çàòðóäíÿþò âûÿâëåíèå ïàòîëîãèè. Òðóäíîñòè ðåøåíèÿ ýòîé ïðîáëåìû óìåíü­øàþòñÿ áëàãîäàðÿ èñïîëüçîâàíèþ êîìïüþòåðíûõ òîìîãðàôîâ íî­âîé êîíñòðóêöèè, ïîçâîëÿþùèõ ïðîèçâîäèòü ñðåçû êàæäûå 2 ñ, õîòÿ ïðîáëåìû, ñâÿçàííûå ñ ïîÿâëåíèåì àðòåôàêòîâ äâèæåíèÿ, ïîëíîñòüþ íå óñòðàíÿþòñÿ. Ó áîëüíûõ â ñîñòîÿíèè âîçáóæäåíèÿ äëÿ ïîëó÷åíèÿ óáåäèòåëüíûõ äàííûõ ïðèõîäèòñÿ èñïîëüçîâàòü ñåäàòèâíûå ëåêàðñòâåííûå ïðåïàðàòû.  êà÷åñòâå ýôôåêòèâíîãî ñåäàòèâíîãî ïðåïàðàòà ÷àñòî ïðèìåíÿþò äèàçåïàì (3—10 ìã âíóò­ðèâåííî), êîòîðûé, îäíàêî, ìîæåò îêàçûâàòü äëèòåëüíûé óãíå­òàþùèé ýôôåêò, çíà÷èòåëüíî çàòðóäíÿþùèé îöåíêó èçìåíåíèé â íåâðîëîãè÷åñêîì ñòàòóñå. Ïåðñïåêòèâíûì ÿâëÿåòñÿ èñïîëüçîâà­íèå íàðêîòè÷åñêèõ ïðåïàðàòîâ, òàê êàê èõ ýôôåêò ìîæåò áûòü óñòðàíåí ïðèìåíåíèåì íàëîêñîíà. Îäíàêî ìíîãèå íàðêîòè÷åñêèå ïðåïàðàòû, âêëþ÷àÿ ìîðôèí, äåéñòâóþò ìåäëåííî è âûçûâàþò óãíåòåíèå è äûõàòåëüíûå íàðóøåíèÿ â òå÷åíèå íåñêîëüêèõ ÷àñîâ. Íàëîêñîí, èñïîëüçóåìûé ïî îêîí÷àíèè ñêàíèðîâàíèÿ, ìîæåò òîëü­êî âðåìåííî óñòðàíèòü äåéñòâèå ìîðôèíà, ïîñëå ÷åãî âíîâü ðàç­âèâàåòñÿ óãíåòåíèå äûõàíèÿ. Íåêîòîðûå âðà÷è ïðåäïî÷èòàþò òà­êèå áûñòðîäåéñòâóþùèå íàðêîòè÷åñêèå ïðåïàðàòû, êàê ôåíòàíèë (0,05—0,1 ìã âíóòðèâåííî), ïðè äåéñòâèè êîòîðîãî áîëüíîé óñïî­êàèâàåòñÿ ïî÷òè ìãíîâåííî. Óãíåòåíèå äûõàíèÿ íàñòóïàåò ÷åðåç


íåñêîëüêî ìèíóò, ÷àñòî óæå ïîñëå îêîí÷àíèÿ ñêàíèðîâàíèÿ. Ýô­ôåêò ïðåïàðàòà ìîæåò áûòü ïîëíîñòüþ è óñòîé÷èâî óñòðàíåí âíóòðèâåííûì ââåäåíèåì àíòàãîíèñòà îïèàòîâ — íàëîêñîíà (0,4 ìã). Ïðè èñïîëüçîâàíèè ëþáûõ ñåäàòèâíûõ ïðåïàðàòîâ íå­îáõîäèìî òùàòåëüíî ñëåäèòü çà ñîñòîÿíèåì äûõàíèÿ è ïðåäóñìàò­ðèâàòü âñå äëÿ ïðîâåäåíèÿ èñêóññòâåííîé âåíòèëÿöèè ëåãêèõ.

Ïðè ýêñòðåííîé êîìïüþòåðíîé òîìîãðàôèè â òå÷åíèå âñåé ïðîöåäóðû äîëæåí ïðèñóòñòâîâàòü âðà÷. Âî-ïåðâûõ, îí äîëæåí ââîäèòü ñåäàòèâíûå ïðåïàðàòû, óñïîêàèâàþùèå áîëüíûõ ñ ñàìî­ïðîèçâîëüíûìè äâèæåíèÿìè, êîòîðûå çàòðóäíÿþò ïðîâåäåíèå èñ­ñëåäîâàíèÿ. Âî-âòîðûõ, âðà÷ äîëæåí âñåãäà ñîïðîâîæäàòü áîëü­íîãî â ñîñòîÿíèè ñòóïîðà èëè êîìû, òàê êàê èçìåíåíèÿ íåâðîëî­ãè÷åñêîãî ñòàòóñà, âêëþ÷àÿ íàðóøåíèÿ äûõàíèÿ, ìîãóò ðàçâèòüñÿ âíåçàïíî è ïîòðåáîâàòü ïðèìåíåíèÿ ýêñòðåííûõ ëå÷åáíûõ ìåð.

Êîìïüþòåðíàÿ òîìîãðàôèÿ ÿâëÿåòñÿ öåííûì äèàãíîñòè÷åñêèì ìåòîäîì, è èíòåðïðåòàöèÿ ïîëó÷åííûõ ñ åå ïîìîùüþ äàííûõ ìî­æåò áûòü äîñòàòî÷íî ïðîñòîé. Êîìïüþòåðíûé òîìîãðàô ïå÷àòàåò èçîáðàæåíèÿ ñðåçîâ ìîçãà, îòëè÷àþùèåñÿ îò íåÿñíûõ òåíåé, ïî­ëó÷àåìûõ ïðè àíãèîãðàôèè è ðàäèîíóêëèäíîì ñêàíèðîâàíèè ìîç­ãà. Ïîýòîìó ìàëîîïûòíûå âðà÷è ÷àñòî îøèáî÷íî ñ÷èòàþò, ÷òî îíè ìîãóò èíòåðïðåòèðîâàòü êîìïüþòåðíûå òîìîãðàììû òàê æå óñïåø­íî, êàê è ñïåöèàëèñòû. Òàêàÿ òî÷êà çðåíèÿ ñïðàâåäëèâà òîëüêî äëÿ îáøèðíûõ ïîâðåæäåíèé, íàïðèìåð, êðîâîèçëèÿíèé â ïîëó­øàðèÿ ãîëîâíîãî ìîçãà. Îäíàêî íåáîëüøèå èçìåíåíèÿ íà êîìïüþ­òåðíûõ òîìîãðàììàõ, ïðîÿâëÿþùèåñÿ, íàïðèìåð, ïðè ñóáäóðàëüíûõ ãåìàòîìàõ, èìåþùèõ òàêóþ æå ïëîòíîñòü, êàê è âåùåñòâî ìîçãà, à òàêæå ïðè òðàíñòåíòîðèàëüíîì âêëèíåíèè, òðåáóþò áîëü­øèõ óñèëèé è îïûòà äëÿ ðàñïîçíàâàíèÿ. Îêîí÷àòåëüíóþ èíòåð­ïðåòàöèþ êîìïüþòåðíûõ òîìîãðàìì íåîáõîäèìî ïðîèçâîäèòü òîëüêî ñ ó÷àñòèåì ñïåöèàëèñòîâ-íåéðîðàäèîëîãîâ.

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