FIRST YEAR AFTER BIRTH

Основний етап.

WORD-BUILDING

Ex. 1. Form nouns from the verbs adding the suffix -ion and translate them:

Prevent; direct; conduct; connect; reflect; inject; radiate; instruct.

GRAMMAR:

SIMPLE TENSES

(REVISION)

Ex. 2. Read the following sentences, translate them, and determine their tenses:

1. Serious changes occur in the life of the newborn from the time of birth. 2. The subsequent growth and maturation of the brain involve the addition of new neurological cells. 3. By 6 weeks the infant holds up its head and begins to smile in response to people or object. 4. At 3 months of age the infant’s limbs are exercised aimlessly. 5. The infant followed a moving person with eyes. 6. At 8 months the infant will recognize familiar people.

Ex. 3. Insert the correct tense-form of the verbs in brackets:

1. The infant (to grasp) things placed in its hand. 2. In 5 months the infant (to laugh out) loud and (to sit) with support. 3. Yesterday the infant (to pull) itself to a standing position. 4. The kidneys (to function) as glands producing hormones. 5. The kidney (to surround) by a renal capsule. 6. The bladder (to store) the urine.

Ex. 4. Make the following sentences interrogative:

1. The infant listens quietly when hearing a person’s voice or music. 2. They walk without support. 3. The infant examined this object carefully. 3. The average 18-month-olds use only about 10 words. 4. The liver removes certain waste products. 5. The kidneys are involved in the control of red blood cell production. 6. These absorbed substances are retuned to the bloodstream. 7. Immunization is recommended for people with impaired immune system or with serious illness.

READING AND DEVELOPING SKILLS

Ex. 5. Read VOCABULARY and memorize the following words.

Ex. 6. Compose 2-3- sentences using the words of VOCABULARY.

Ex. 7. Insert the missing letters:

Su_k; accompli_h; neon_te; ra_se; vol_ntary; embr_o; subse_uent; adoles_ent; thum_; fet_s; pi_k; m_turation; re_ch; aiml_ssly.

Ex. 8. Translate the following words and word-combinations into Ukrainian:

Roll over; reach for; grasp; pick up; suck; erect; accomplish; germinal period; voluntary; fertilization; fetus; embryo; puberty; adolescent; maturation; subsequent.

Ex. 9. Read the following words and word-combinations:

Death; embryo; adolescent; occur; amount; achieve; subsequent; myelin sheath; push; raise; grasp; listen; quietly; laugh; loud.

Ex. 10. Read the following text:

FIRST YEAR AFTER BIRTH

The stages of life from fertilization to death are as following: 1) the germinal period – fertilization to 14 days; 2) the embryo – 14 to 60 days after fertilization; 3) the fetus – 60 days after fertilization to birth; 4) neonate – birth to 1 month after birth; 5) infant – 1 month to 1 or 2 years; 6) child – 1 or 2 years to puberty; 7) adolescent – puberty (age 11 to 14) to 20 years; 8) adult – age 20 to death.

A great number of changes occur in the life of the newborn from the time of birth until 1 year of age. The time when these changes occur may vary from child to child. The brain is still developing at this time, and much of what the neonate can accomplish depends on the amount of brain development achieved. It is estimated that the total adult number of neurons is present in the central nervous system at birth, but subsequent growth and maturation of the brain involve the addition of new neurological cells, some of which form new myelin sheaths, and addition of new connections between neurons, which may continue throughout life.

By 6 weeks the infant is usually able to hold up its head when placed in a prone position and begins to smile in response to people or object. At 3 months of age the infant’s limbs are exercised aimlessly. However, the arms and hands are in enough control that voluntary thumb sucking can occur. The infant can follow a moving person with eyes. At 4 months the infant begins to do push-ups (i.e., raises itself by its arms). It can begin to grasp things placed in its hand, roll from its back to its side, listen quietly when hearing a person’s voice or music, hold its head erect, and play with its hands. At 5 months the infant can usually laugh out loud, reach for objects, turn its head to follow an object, lift its head and shoulders, sit with support, and roll over. At 8 months the infant can recognize familiar people, sit up without support, and reach for specific objects that it sees. At 12 months the infant may pull itself to a standing position and may be able to walk without support. The infant can pick up objects in its hands and examine them carefully. It can understand much of what is said to it and may say several words of its own.

Ex. 11. Translate the following words and word-combinations into English:

Піднімати|підіймати|, підбирати|добирати|; зародок, ембріон; мієлінова| оболонка; діставати, тягнутися до чогось; розвиток; плід; здійснювати|скоювати,чинити|, досягати; перекочувати(ся|ся|), перевертати(ся|ся|); вправляти; довільний; подальший|наступний|, наступний|слідуючий|; новонароджений; смоктання; великий палець (руки); статева зрілість; народження; кінцівка|скінченність|; визнавати; запліднення.

Ex. 12. Translate the text “First Year After Birth” into Ukrainian:

Ex. 13. Insert the missing words:

1. The stages of life are as following: the germinal period; the _; the fetus; neonate; infant; child; _; and adult. 2. A great number of changes _ in the life of the newborn until 1 year of age. 3. The _ is still developing at this time. 4. By 6 weeks the infant is usually able to _ up its head and begins to smile in response to people. 5. At 3 months of age the infant’s limbs are _ aimlessly. 6. The infant can follow a moving person with _. 7. At 4 months the infant begins to do _. 8. It can begin to _ things placed in its hand, _ from its back to its side, hold its head erect, and play with its hands. 9. At 5 months the infant can usually laugh out loud, _ for objects, turn its head to follow an object, lift its head and shoulders, sit with support, and _ over. 10. At 8 months the infant can recognize _ people, sit up without support, and reach for specific objects. 11. At 12 months the infant may _ itself to a standing position and may be able to walk without support. 12. The infant can understand much of what is _ to it and may say several words of its own.

Ex. 14. Answer the following questions:

1. What stages of life do you know? 2. Do a great number of changes occur in the life of the newborn during the first year? 3. What changes occur in the brain? 4. What does the infant do by 6 weeks? 5. What changes can occur at 3 months? 6. What does the infant begin to do at 4 months? 7. What can the infant do at 5 months? 8. What can the infant recognize at 8 months? 9. What does the infant do at 12 months?

Ex. 15. Match the following words with their definitions:

Ex. 16. Combine corresponding parts into sentences, paying attention to the meaning of the sentences:

1. The newborn baby, or neonate, experiences _. 2. The ductus arteriosus, which connects the pulmonary trunk to the aorta and allows blood to flow from the pulmonary trunk to the systemic circulation, _. 3. The fetal blood supply passes to the placenta through umbilical arteries from the internal iliac arteries and _. 4. When a baby is born, _. 5. Within the first 8 hours of life, a striking increase in gastric acid secretion occurs, _.

A. returns through the liver and joins the inferior vena cava; B. it is suddenly separated from its source of nutrients provided by the maternal circulation; C. closes off within 1 or 2 days after birth; D. causing the stomach pH to decrease; E. dramatic changes at the time of birth.

Ex. 17. Make up a plan of the text “First Year After Birth”.

Ex. 18. Give a summary of the text “First Year After Birth”.

Ex. 19. Speak on the infant’s development during the first year of life.

Ex. 20. Make up a dialogue on the infant’s development during the first year of life.

Ex. 21. Pronounce and memorize the words to the theme studied:

Plumpness| повнота; babyhood| дитинство; toddler| мала дитина|дитя|, що починає ходити; will| воля; бажання; explorer| дослідник; exciting| збуджуючий|збудливий|, такий, що хвилює; explosion| спалах, бурхливе зростання|зріст|; brief| короткий, недовгий; temper| tantrum| напад|приступ| гніву; rake| граблі (садовий інструмент); згрібати; підчищати граблями; alternate| почерговий, (по)змінний, такий, що чергується; descend| спускатися, сходити; imagination| уява; фантазія, уявний образ|зображення|, уявлення|вистава,подання,представлення||; vivid| яскравий; invariably| незмінно.

Ex. 22. Read and translate the following text:

DEVELOPMENT DURING THE PRESCHOOL YEARS

ONE YEAR

The child’s physical changes involve a transition from the plumpness of babyhood to the learner and more muscular body of a toddler. This is exciting time for a baby. 1-year-old begins to walk and talk. These skills, combined with a will of his or her own and a sense of independence, produce a determined explorer. Even though 1-year-old does not have a large vocabulary, he/she develops an increasing ability to understand language. This so-called passive language lays the groundwork for virtual explosion of language that occurs between ages 2 and 3. The average 18-month-old probably uses only about 10 words, but within a year he or she has a significant vocabulary and can speak in simple sentences. A child of this age is constantly exploring, by touching, holding, climbing, and mouthing.

TWO YEARS

At 2 years most children begin to communicate verbally. At some point after reaching 2 years, most children can tell you their name and the names of common objects. They can speak in three- to four-word sentences and even carry on brief conversations. Two-year-olds are most famous for negative behavior. Temper tantrums are common. Most 2-year-olds do not actively play with other children. Rather, they enjoy playing side by side with children their age. Two-year-old child is a great imitator. If you rake the lawn, 2-year-old may want to follow behind with a toy rake.

THREE YEARS

Three-year-old is more coordinated than he/she was at age 2. By age 3, most children can climb stairs with alternating feet, although most cannot descend in the same manner until age 4. A 3-year-old also can stand on one foot. Three-year-old’s vocabulary and pronunciation continue to expand. He/She can tell you his/her age and sex, and imitate simple drawings.

FOUR YEARS

A child of 4 speaks well enough for strangers to understand him/her, and sentences become increasingly complex. The imagination of a child this age is vivid, and the line between what is real and what is imaginary often becomes indistinct. Some children at this age develop fears. Common fears of the 4-year-old include the fear of death, animals, and the dark.

FIVE YEARS

A child of 5 is generally able to hop on one foot and even skip, can accurately copy figures, and continues to develop language skills. Children this age have the coordination required to write, and many have learned to do so. A 5-year-old is a social person. Unlike the younger child, when given a choice between spending time with his or her parents or friend, a 5-year-old child will almost invariably choose the friend.

Ex. 23. Say to what conclusion you have come after having read the text “Development During Preschool Years”.

Ex. 24. Give a summary of the following text in Ukrainian:

SCHOOL YEARS

Growth and development are slow and steady in the early school-age years, in sharp contrast with the rapid changes that occurred during the preschool years and those to follow during adolescence. A school-age child will gain about 7 pounds a year, and his/her height will increase by approximately 2.5 inches a year. The growth of a child’s head also will slow down. This is a time when a child’s brain has almost reached its adult size.

A child’s motor skills also will be refined between the ages of 6 and 12. During this period, running, jumping, and throwing show steady improvement.

During the period of rapid growth toward the end of the school-age years, children suddenly grow at dramatically different rates. School-age girls and boys have distinctly different growth patterns. There is a period during the late school-age years when girls are taller and heavier than boys. By the age of 13.5 years, most boys have grown taller than girls. Girls tend to weight less than boys until almost age 9 and after age 14, but they are heavier than boys between those two ages. Early puberty generally begins at about age 10 in girls and age 12 in boys.

In teenagers the external changes are obvious: body growth taller and heavier, and its shape changes. The bones grow too, even facial bones change. Fat collects on the buttocks and around the abdomen in boys and girls. Boys accumulate mostly lean tissue (muscle and bone), and girls add more fat. The result is that fat makes up 25 percent of the total body weight in girls and between 15 and 20 percent in boys.