Conclusions

It is not appropriate to consider particular materials as more suitable for design than others. In most cases the construction style has a greater effect than the material alone on performance under extreme conditions. Designers are familiar with the characteristics of different materials and construction methods and use them intelligently to achieve the global vehicle prescribed requirements [14].

[1] The PRIIA bi-level car estimated gross weight is approximately 150,000 lb and the single-level car is on the order of 104,000-111,000 lb.

[1] “Railcars in Stainless Steel - A Sustainable Solution for Sustainable Public Transport,” International Stainless Steel Forum, http://www.worldstainless.org

[2] The Aluminum Association

[3] “Aluminum applications in the rail industry,” Michael Skillingberg and John Green in Light Metal Age, October 2007.

[4] http://www.engineershandbook.com/Materials/hslasteel.htm

[5] http://www.steelforge.com/ferrous/hslasteel.htm

[6] Handbook of Materials Selection, Edited by Myer Kutz. 2002. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York.

[7] Introduction to Aluminum Alloys and Tempers. J. Gilbert Kaufman. ASM International, 2000.

[8] United States Steel, http://xnet3.uss.com/auto/steelvsal/basicfacts.htm.

[9] matweb.com: http://www.matweb.com/search/DataSheet.aspx?bassnum=MSA588A0&ckck=1

[10] matweb.com: http://www.matweb.com/search/datasheet.aspx?MatGUID=1748ca73d11e4353b2aa700bfb119dfb&ckck=1

[11] asm.matweb.com: http://asm.matweb.com/search/SpecificMaterial.asp?bassnum=MA6061t6

[12] Use of Stainless Steel in Railcars outside Europe. Peter Cutler. Nickel Institute. 2008. http://www.nickelinstitute.org/index.cfm/ci_id/17466/la_id/1/document/1/re_id/0.

[13] Bombardier Transportation, private communication.

[14] “The development of rail vehicle crashworthiness,” A. Sutton, Proc. IMechE, Vol. 222 Part F: J. Rail and Rapid Transit, 2008.

[15] http://www.hitachi-rail.com/products/rv/a_train/features/index.html.

[16] “Investigation of the weld unzipping failure mode during collisions of welded aluminum rail vehicles,” G. Kotsikos, M. Robinson, D. Zagani and J. Roberts, Proc. IMechE, Vol. 222 Part F: J. Rail and Rapid Transit, 2008.

[17] “Railway manufacturers implement friction stir welding,” Stephen W. Kallee, John Davenport, and E. Dave Nicholas. The Welding Journal, American Welding Society, October 2002. http://www.aws.org/wj/oct02/feature.html.

[18] “US Manufacture of Rail Vehicles for Intercity Passenger Rail and Urban Transit - A Value Chain Analysis,” Marcy Lowe, Soair Tokuoka, Kristen Dubay and Gary Gereffi, Center on Globalization, Governance & Competitiveness, Duke University, June 22, 2010. http://www.cggc.duke.edu/pdfs/U.S._Manufacture_of_Rail_Vehicles_for_Intercity_Passenger_Rail_and_Urban_Transit.pdf.

[19] Standard for Rail Vehicle Structural Repair. APTA SS-C&S-020-03. American Public Transportation Association, 2003.

[20] “Structural crashworthiness – possibilities and practicalities,”” J.H. Lewis, Proc. IMechE, Vol. 216 Part F: J. Rail and Rapid Transit, 2002.

[21] The Aluminum Extruders Council, http://www.aec.org/exbasics/aluminum.html.