Part One THE ENGLISH WORD AS A STRUCTURE

Chapter 2.Characteristics of the Word as the Basic Unit of Language ... 27

§ 2.1 The Definition of the Word.................................................... 27

§ 2.2 Semantic Triangle............................................................. 31

§ 2.3 Phonetic, Morphological and Semantic Motivation of Words .... 33

Chapter 3.Lexical Meaning and Semantic Structure of English Words ... 37

§ 3.1 Definitions.............................................................................. 37

§ 3.2 The Lexical Meaning Versus Notion....................................... 42

§ 3.3 Denotative and Connotative Meaning..................................... 47

§ 3.4 The Semantic Structure of Polysemantic Words...................... 50

§ 3.5 Contextual Analysis.......................................................... 56

§ 3.6 Componential Analysis.................................................... 57

Chapter 4. Semantic Change.............................................................. 60

§ 4.1 Types of Semantic Change............................................... 60

§ 4.2 Linguistic Causes of Semantic Change.................................... 71

§ 4.3 Extralinguistic Causes of Semantic Change............................. 73

Chapter 5.Morphological Structure of English Words. Affixation 77

§ 5.1 Morphemes. Free and Bound Forms. Morphological Classification of

Words. Word-Families....................................................... 77

§ 5.2 Aims and Principles of Morphemic and Word-Formation Analysis . . 81

§ 5.3 Analysis into Immediate Constituents............................... 83

§ 5.4 Derivational and Functional Affixes................................. 87

§ 5.5 The Valency of Affixes and Stems. Word-Building Patterns and Their

Meaning............................................................................. 90

§ 5.6 Classification of Affixes................................................... 96

§ 5.7 Allomorphs........................................................................... 101

§ 5.8 Boundary Cases Between Derivation, Inflection and Composition . . 102

§ 5.9 Combining Forms............................................................. 104

§ 5.10 Hybrids........................................................................... 106

Chapter 6.Compound Words...................................................... 108

§ 6.1 Definitions and Introductory Remarks.................................. 108

§ 6.2.1 The Criteria of Compounds............................................ 112

§ 6.2.2 Semi-Affixes.................................................................. 116

§ 6.2.3 “The Stone Wall Problem".............................................. 118

§ 6.2.4 Verbal Collocations of the Give Up Type...................... 120

§ 6.3 Specific Features of English Compounds.............................. 121

§ 6.4.1 Classification of Compounds.............................................. 122

§ 6.4.2 Compound Nouns............................................................... 123

§ 6.4.3 Compound Adjectives........................................................ 125

§ 6.4.4 Compound Verbs............................................................... 126

§ 6.5 Derivational Compounds....................................................... 127

§ 6.6 Reduplication and Miscellanea of Composition..................... 129

§ 6.6.1 Reduplicative Compounds.................................................. 129

§ 6.6.2 Ablaut Combinations..................................................... 130

§ 6.6.3 Rhyme Combinations.......................................................... 130

§ 6.7 Pseudo Compounds........................................................... 131

§ 6.8 The Historical Development of English Compounds.............. 131

§ 6.9 New Word-Forming Patterns in Composition.................... 133

Chapter 7. Shortened Words and Minor Types of Lexical Oppositions . . . 134

§ 7.1 Shortening of Spoken Words and Its Causes..................... 134

§ 7.2 Blending............................................................................ 141

§ 7.3 Graphical Abbreviations. Acronyms.................................. 142

§ 7.4 Minor Types of Lexical Oppositions. Sound Interchange.. 145

§ 7.5 Distinctive Stress.................................................................... 147

§ 7.6 Sound Imitation...................................................................... 148

§ 7.7 Back-Formation...................................................................... 150

Chapter 8. Conversion and Similar Phenomena................................ 153

§ 8.1 Introductory Remarks............................................................. 153

§ 8.2 The Historical Development of Conversion...................... 155

§ 8.3 Conversion in Present-Day English.................................... 156

§ 8.4 Semantic Relationships in Conversion............................... 158

§ 8.5 Substantivation.................................................................. 161

§ 8.6 Conversion in Different Parts of Speech........................... 162

§ 8.7 Conversion and Other Types of Word-Formation............. 163

Chapter 9.Set Expressions................................................................ 165

§ 9.1 Introductory Remarks. Definitions.................................... 165

§ 9.2 Set Expressions, Semi-Fixed Combinations and Free Phrases .... 166

Changeable and Unchangeable Set Expressions................. 166

§ 9.3 Classification of Set Expressions............................................ 169

§ 9.4 Similarity and Difference between a Set Expression and a Word . . 174

§ 9.5 Features Enhancing Unity and Stability of Set Expressions .... 177

§ 9.6 Proverbs, Sayings, Familiar Quotations and Clichés.......... 179