Vocabulary. production – производство

trade – торговля

production – производство

distribution – доставка, распределение

sale – продажа, реализация

goods – товар, товары

plant – завод, фабрика

marketplace – рынок

major goal – основная цель

to make a profit – получать, извлекать прибыль

expenses – расходы, издержки

economic surplus – избыточный продукт

sole proprietorship – единоличное владение

partnership – партнерство

corporation – корпорация; акционерное общество

to go into business – заняться бизнесом, торговлей

start-up capital – стартовый капитал

partnership agreement – договор, соглашение о сотрудничестве

to conduct business – вести коммерческую деятельность

legal entity – юридическое лицо

to have a right to – иметь право

to issue stock certificates – выпустить акции

to own – владеть, иметь, располагать

stockholder (Am. E.) – акционер

I. Give Russian equivalents to the following word combinations:

distribution; sale of goods or services; goods; plant; exchange of a product or service; economic surplus; primary goal of business activity; sole proprietorship; partnership; corporation; to go into business; to have a right.

II. Give English equivalents to the following word combinations:

производство; рынок; получать прибыль; основная цель; расходы, издержки; стартовый капитал; договор о сотрудничестве; вести коммерческую деятельность; юридическое лицо; выпустить акции; акционер.

III. Answer the following questions.

1. What is one modern definition of business? 2. What does distribution involve? 3. What differ goods from services? 4. What are the constituents of business? 5. What is profit? 6. Give the three forms of business.

IV. Translate the following sentences into English.

1. Представление о бизнесе расширилось в настоящее время. 2. Традиционно это слово распространенно во многих языках. 3. Производство означает превращение в товары материалов или услуг. 4. Транспортировка – это перемещение товаров от производителя к потребителю. 5. Продажа товаров и услуг – это обмен на деньги. 6. Обязательным элементом бизнеса есть получение прибыли. 7. Прибыль – это деньги, остающиеся после оплаты всех расходов. 8. Прибыль – главная цель коммерческого предприятия. 9. Существуют три основные формы организации бизнеса. 10. Бизнесом могут заниматься как физические, так и юридические лица.

Text 2

What is business?

Business is based on common sense. People concentrate on doing certain things that they are good at. Then they exchange their work for money which can in its turn be exchanged for the goods and services which they require. This is much more efficient than if each person worked purely to satisfy his or her own needs. There are many different types of business in the modern world. They range from very small ones to enormous multinational companies.

Every business either provides a service, produces goods or buys and sells goods and services for a profit (this is called trading). Many are in­volved in all these activities. The following are the main areas of business going on around you every day.

Which of the business activities each busi­ness entails? Financial services: banking and insurance. Retail trade busi­ness – shops which sell goods. The hotel and catering businesses. Commu­nication business: telephone, mail and courier services. Transportation businesses which move materials, products and people from place to place by road, rail, sea and air. Public services: police, fire brigades, armed forces and local and central governments.

Business is not an easy thing. It's rather a difficult kind of human activity. It has many important elements such as money, taxes, customers, transport, banks and others. There are two general types of business: small business and big business.

Why do people do business? Why do they like small business? People do business by producing goods or providing services. They buy and sell goods. They do business for a profit. There is no business without a profit. Production of goods is very profitable, provision of different services is profitable too. Communications are a good business too, for example, telephone, telegraph and mail services. Financial services, for example, banking and insurance, work very well, too.

So, people do different types of business for a profit. Doing business has become very popular everywhere. For example, the whole families in America run small businesses now. At present it is very popular to be a businessman or a businesswoman. It should be noted that women, like men, successfully run a firm or a company, they prove to be good bank managers or shop keepers. Briefly speaking, doing business is a comparatively new and perspective tendency in modern life.

There are three main types of business: a sole trader (you alone have responsibility for the business and you take all profits after paying income tax on them); a partnership (a group of between two or twenty people trading as one firm, and share responsibility for debts, decision-making and the profits); a limited company/Ltd. (a company formed by two or more shareholders who put money into the business in return for a share of the profits).