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1. In the United States and Britain, the everyday units of linear measurement have been the inch, foot, yard, and mile. Until recently in Britain, the English units of length were defined in terms of the imperial standard yard, which was the distance between two lines on a bronze bar made in 1845 to replace an earlier yard bar that had been destroyed by fire in 1839. Because the imperial standard yard bar has been shrinking at the rate of 1.5 millionths of an inch per year, the United States adopted a copy of the international prototype meter as the national standard of length in 1889. Until1960, all U.S. measurements of length were derived from a standard meter (meter prototype number 27). In 1960 the meter was redefined in terms of wavelengths of light from a krypton-86 source. In 1983 it was again redefined as the length of the path traveled by light in a vacuum in 1/299,792,458 of a second.

2. English units of weight (ounces, pounds, and tons) are now also derived from the metric standard of mass, which is the international prototype kilogram. This is a solid cylinder of platinum-iridium alloy maintained at constant temperature at Sevres near Paris. A copy, as exact as possible, of this standard is maintained by an agency of the U.S. Department of Commerce. Most countries have converted or are in the process of converting their local systems of weights and measures to the metric system. Some old terms, however, may continue in use.

3. Everyone has to measure lengths, reckon time, and weigh various bodies. Therefore, everyone knows just what a centimeter, a second, and a gram are. But these measures are especially important for a physicist-they are necessary for making judgments about most physical phenomena. People try to measure distance, intervals of time and mass, which are called the basics concepts of physics, as accurately as possible.

4. Modern science and technology required a more precise standard than the distance between two fine scratches on a metal bar. In 1960, a new standard for the meter, based on the wavelength of light, was adopted. Specially, the meter was redefined to be 1.650.763.73 wavelengths of a particular orange-red light emitted by atoms of krypton-86 in a gas discharge tube. This awkward number of wavelengths was chosen so that the new standard would be as consistent as possible with the old meter-bar standard.

5. Clocks and Watches are the devices used to measure or indicate the passage of time. A clock, which is larger than a watch, is usually intended to be kept in one place; a watch is designed to be carried or worn. Both types of timepieces require a source of power and a means of transmitting and controlling it, as well as indicators to register the lapse of time units.

6. CGS System, centimeter-gram-second system (usually written “cgs system”), is also a metric system based on the centimeter (c) for length, the gram (g) for mass, and the second (s) for time. It is derived from the meter-kilogram-second (or mks) system but uses certain special designations such as the dyne (for force) and the erg (for energy). It has generally been employed where small quantities are encountered, as in physics and chemistry.