Vocabulary extension. 1. sagacity – wisdom of a practical kind

1. sagacity – wisdom of a practical kind

2. unflagging activity – untiring activity

3. to advance money – give a subsidy (or subsidize)

4. to heap up fortunes – accumulate (increase) wealth

5. laisser-faire – policy of freedom from government control especially for private commercial interests

6. to repeal – cancel, annul a law

7. furnace – enclosed space for heating metals, making glass, etc.

Ex. 1. Find the words or expressions in the text which mean the following:

1. a person who stats or organizes a commercial enterprise

2. to restrict oneself to the limit

3. without pity or mercy, crude

4. rough calculation

5. control or rule, authority or influence over

6. a person who buys goods that he will use himself

7. commercial exchange with other countries

8. to dismiss, to make redundant

9. to make smth. stronger, give more support, strengthen

10. giving and receiving, exchanging smth. mutually

11. position of the highest power, authority or status

12. comfortable living and working conditions

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Words for reference: to stint oneself to limit; ruthless, estimation, welfare, entrepreneur; domination; overseas (foreign) trade; to lay off; reciprocating; supremacy; consumer; to reinforce.

Ex. 2. Answer the questions:

1. What were the main features of the industrial development in England at the end of the 18th century?

2. How was capital created and accumulated?

3. What were the moral characteristics of the new bourgeois class?

4. What is the meaning of the “laisser-faire system?

5. How did the introduction of the “laisser-faire” system affect the workers?

6. What was the lot of the workers who came at the time from country to town to work for the new entrepreneurs?

7. What were the immediate results of repealing the old legislative protection of the workers by the English Parliament?

8. Why is Manchester considered to be the embodiment of what was happening in England generally?

9. What were the demographic changes in England in the first half of the 19th century and how did they promote capitalization of England?

10. What were the reciprocating effects of industrialization and urbanization?

11. What phenomenon marked the advent of the new society?

12. What was the reaction of the workers to financial crises?

Ex. 3. Speak on the following problems:

1. The industrial development of the country and its main forces.

2. The shift from handwork to machinery in the English cotton industry and its consequences.

Use the following clichés:

The new law brought about (led to) .., in addition, furthermore on top of all that, in contrast, the cause of.