MODULE 6. OIL & GAS EQUIPMENT

Exercise 1. Read and guess the meanings of the new words. If you have some difficulties use the dictionary at the end of this book.

1) powerhouse. The oil and gas industry is a global powerhouse employing hundreds of thousands of workers worldwide.

2) upstream, downstream.The oil and gas industry can be broken down into two key areas: upstream and downstream.

3) exploration. The Upstream component is referred to as the E & P (exploration and production (E&P).

4) crude oil. This involves search for underwater and underground natural gas fields or crude oil fields

5) raw materials. The downstream refers to the filtering of the raw materials obtained during the upstream phase.

6) onshore, offshore. Oil and gas production takes place onshore and offshore.

7) rig. Construction of drilling wells and rigs is an enormous risk.

8) a naturally occurring liquid. Petroleum is a naturally occurring liquid found in rock formations.

9) tar. It can be as thick and black as tar or thin as water.

10) flammable fluid.Petroleum is a flammable fluid that is drilled from the earth.

11) to refine. Petroleum is refined to produce various types of fuel.

12) vital. It is vital to many industries, and it is of importance to the maintenance of industrial civilization

13) extraction, refining. The petroleum industry includes the global processes of exploration, extraction, refining, transporting marketing petroleum products.

14) solvent, fertilizer. Oil is the raw material for pharmaceuticals, solvents, fertilizers, and pesticides.

15) subsidiary. All oil trunk pipelines (except Caspian Pipeline Consortium) are owned and operated by the state-owned monopoly Transneft and oil products pipeline are owned and operated by its subsidiary Transnefteproduct.

16) marsh, bog, landfill, shallow sediment. Biogenic gas is created by methanogenic organisms in marshes, bogs, landfills, and shallow sediments.

17) to bury. Deeper in the earth, at greater temperature and pressure, thermogenic gas is created from buried organic material.

18) to undergo processing to remove impurities. Before natural gas can be used as a fuel, it must undergo processing to remove impurities.

19) to meet specifications. Natural gas must undergo processing to meet the specifications of marketable natural gas.

20) source. Natural gas is an energy source often used for heating, cooking, and electricity generation.

21) by-product. The by-products of processing include ethane.

22) to seep from the ground. They discovered the potential to transport gas seeping from the ground in crude pipelines of bamboo.

23) cantilever mast (derrick) drilling rig. The cantilever mastdrilling rig is built of a П shape truss structure for easy installation, disassembly and transport.

24) shaker. This shaker must vibrate at 1750 rpm.

25) pan, tap(pump). The safest method is to remove the pan before drilling and tapping.

Exercise 2. Read the international words, mind the stress.

Filter, diesel, kerosene, type, natural, formation, complex, mixture, hydrocarbon, molecular, plus, industrial, civilization, global, process, transport, tanker, market, product, gasoline, material, pharmaceutic, pesticide, human, general, history, reserve, monopoly, exporter, gas, mechanism, biogenic, thermogenic, formation, methanogenic, organism, temperature, press, thermogenic, organic, material, specification, ethane, propane, butane, molecular, hydrocarbons, sulfide, carbon, dioxide, helium, nitrogen, potential, bamboo, energy, electricity, generation, chemical, plastic, manufacture, commercial.

Exercise 3. Read the sentences, point out the Verbals, the Modal Verbs and their equivalents. Give the Russian equivalents. If you have some difficulties use the grammar reference at the end of the book.

1. He has to operate this drilling machine. 2. Petroleum can be also referred to as the primary material for a multitude of chemical products. 3. In recent years there has been a growing negative sentiment towards the oil and gas industry and "big energy". 4. It is estimated that 30 billion barrels are consumed globally each year - primarily by developed nations. 5. OilandGasIQ.com is the online portal dedicated to providing the latest intelligence for the oil and gas community worldwide. 6. Companies operating in the oil and gas industry may be regarded as fully integrated. 7. Many large companies operate globally and described as ‘multinational’. 8. New technologies are helping us pump large amounts of oil and gas that were once considered unreachable. 9. Scientific exploration for oil, in the modern sense, began in 1912 when geologists were first involved in the discovery of the Cushing Field in Oklahoma, USA. 10. Our technology experts and research partners are constantly experimenting with new techniques.

Exercise 4. Make up your own sentences with the Verbals according to the model.

Model A: To prevent corrosion is vital in every step in the production of oil and

gas.

Preventing corrosion is vital in every step in the production of oil and

gas.

1. To choose an appropriate drilling rig is very important. 2. To identify rock types that can cause drilling problems is a unique opportunity to see what is below the surface. 3. To design a well is a task of a drilling engineer.

Model B: When the scientists were estimating the reservoir temperature, they used

modern technology.

(When) Estimating the reservoir temperature the scientists used modern

technology.

1. When our engineers were choosing the right shaker for drilling rig, they invited international partners. 2. When the cantilevered mast is assembled, the outside structure is joined together with large pins. 3. When the expected depth is reached, the case is cemented.

Model C: The top manager thought he would find out the choice of appropriate

shaker for the different sections.

The top manager thought of finding out the choice of

appropriate shaker for the different sections.

1. Our partner thought he would discuss the potential for lost circulation in the reservoir section. 2. Two groups thought they would be asked to give a presentation of a stuck pipe incident. 3. The members of our delegation thought to test a new rig.

Exercise 5. Read the text, try to focus on its essential facts and choose the most suitable heading given below for each paragraph.

1) What is natural gas?

2) What is petroleum?

3) What is oil and gas industry?

OIL AND GAS INDUSTRY

The oil and gas industry is one of the largest in the world. It is a global powerhouse employing hundreds of thousands of workers worldwide as well as generating hundreds of billions of dollars globally each year. The oil and gas industry can be broken down into two key areas: upstream and downstream.Upstream operations deal primarily with the exploration stages. This involves search for underwater and underground natural gas fields or crude oil fields. The downstream refers to the filtering of the raw materials obtained during the upstream phase. This means refining crude oil and purifying natural gas, marketing and commercial distribution of these products to consumers and end users in a number of forms including: natural gas, diesel, petrol, gasoline, lubricants, kerosene, jet fuel, asphalt, heating oil, LPG (liquefied petroleum gas) as well as a number of other types of petrochemicals. Oil and gas production takes place onshore and offshore. Drilling and Geology are two disciplines that depend heavily upon each other when a well is to be planned. Construction of drilling wells and rigs is an enormous risk. Companies need to calculate supply and demand in order to be certain that an operation will be profitable before it comes on stream.

Petroleum (oil) is a naturally occurring liquid found in rock formations. It can be as thick and black as tar or thin as water. It is a flammable fluid that is refined to produce various types of fuel. Petroleum consists of a complex mixture of hydrocarbons of various molecular weights, plus other organic compounds. It is vital to many industries, and is of importance to the maintenance of industrial civilization. The petroleum industry includes the global processes of exploration, extraction, refining, transporting (often by oil tankers and pipelines), and marketing petroleum products. The largest volume products of the industry are fuel oil and gasoline (petrol). Petroleum (oil) is also the raw material for many chemical products, including pharmaceuticals, solvents, fertilizers, pesticides, and plastics. The petroleum industry in Russia is one of the largest in the world. The biggest Russian oil company is Rosneft followed by Lukoil, Surgutneftegaz, Gazprom Neft and Tatneft. All oil trunk pipelines (except Caspian Pipeline Consortium) are owned and operated by the state-owned monopoly Transneft and oil products pipeline are owned and operated by its subsidiary Transnefteproduct.Petroleum is therefore integral to many industries, and is of critical importance to many nations as the foundation of their industries.

Russia has the largest reserves, and is the largest exporter, of natural gas. Natural gas is found in deep underground rock formations. Most natural gas was created over time by two mechanisms: biogenic and thermogenic. Biogenic gas is created by methanogenic organisms in marshes, bogs, landfills, and shallow sediments. Deeper in the earth, at greater temperature and pressure, thermogenic gas is created from buried organic material.Before natural gas can be used as a fuel, it must undergo processing to remove impurities, including water, to meet the specifications of marketable natural gas. The by-products of processing include ethane, propane, butanes, pentanes, and higher molecular weight hydrocarbons, hydrogen sulfide (which may be converted into pure sulfur), carbon dioxide, water vapor, and sometimes helium and nitrogen. Natural gas was used by the Chinese in about 500 B.C. They discovered the potential to transport gas seeping from the ground in crude pipelines of bamboo to where it was used to boil sea water in Ziliujing District. Natural gas is an energy source often used for heating, cooking, and electricity generation. It is also used as fuel for vehicles and as a chemical feedstock in the manufacture of plastics and other commercially important organic chemicals. In regions which house the major NOCs, these oil and gas companies are so vital they often contribute a significant amount towards national Gross domestic product (GDP).

Exercise 6. Share your vision about dwellings using the following phrases: to my mind, in my opinion, if I am not mistaken, as far as I remember, it seems to me, etc.

1. Why are oil and gas important?

2. How can the oil and gas industry be broken down?

3. What is the upstream component?

4. What is the downstream component?

5. What is petroleum?

6. What does refining crude oil mean?

7. What is the importance of petroleum as an energy resource?

8. Which product do petroleum resources provide in addition to energy?

9. What do companies need to calculate before building the drilling wells and rigs?

10. How do you know that oil and gas are present beneath the drill rig?

11. What would we do without petroleum?

12. What is the biggest Russian oil company?

13. What is natural gas?

14. What does purification natural gas mean?

15. Where can the drill rig be placed?

Exercise 7. Complete logically the following sentences.

1. The oil and gas industry is … .

2. This industry can be broken down into … .

3. The upstream component is also referred to as … .

4. The downstream component is referred to … .

5. Oil and gas production takes place … .

6. Petroleum (oil) is …. .

7. The largest volume products of the petroleum industry are … .

8. Petroleum (oil) is also the raw material for … .

9. Most natural gas was created by … .

10. Natural gas is often used for …. .

Exercise 8. Translate the following sentences from Russian into English. You will have a story on the topic as a pattern.

1. Нефтегазовая промышленность — отрасль экономики, занимающаяся добычей, переработкой, транспортировкой, складированием и продажей природных полезных ископаемых — нефти и газа, а также сопутствующих им продуктов. 2. Нефтедобыча — сложный производственный процесс, включающий в себя геологоразведку, бурение скважин и их ремонт, очистку добытой нефти. 3. Разработка месторождений нефти производится путем строительства нефтяных скважин. 4. Нефть известна человечеству с древнейших времён. 5. По составу нефть — сложная смесь углеводородов различной молекулярной массы. 6. Сырая нефть обычно не применяется, то же можно сказать и о газе. 7. После переработки нефти и природного газа получают исходное сырье для химической и топливно-энергетической промышленности. 8. Качественное бурение – основа нефтегазодобывающего бизнеса. 9. Наши специалисты владеют знаниями современных технологий бурения и имеют опыт в оптимизации подбора буровых установок. 10. В настоящее время существуют альтернативные источники энергии.