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Banks and the Foreign Exchange MarketThe banks are the natural intermediary between foreign exchange supply and demand. The.main task of a bank's foreign exchange department is to enable its commercial or financial customers to convert assets held in one cvirrency into funds of another currency. This conversion can take the form of a spot transaction or a forward operation.Banking activities in the foreign exchange field tend inevitably to establish a uniform price range for a particular currency 101 throughout the financial centres of the world. If at a given moment the market rate in one centre deviates too far from the average, a balance will soon be restored by "arbitrage", which is the process of taking advantage of price differences in different places. It can be seen that foreign exchange business acts as a very important regulator in a free monetary system. Only the big banks and a number of local banks specializing in this kind of business have a foreign exchange department with qualified dealers. Banks which merely carry out their customers' instructions and do no business on their own account do not really require the services of a foreign exchange expert. For these it will be sufficient to have someone with a general knowledge of the subject because his role in practice will be that of an intermediary between the customer and a bank professionally in the market. A foreign exchange dealer acquires his professional skill largely through experience. Here we should point out how important close cooperation is among a team of dealers. The group can work together smoothly only if each member is able to shed his individuality. We must not forget that, almost incessantly, all the dealers are doing business simultaneously on different telephones and when large transactions are completed the rates may change, whereupon the other dealers must be brought up-to-date immediately. It is essential for a dealer to have the knack of doing two things at once so that he can do business on the telephone and at the same time take note of the new prices announced by his colleagues. Professional foreign exchange dealing requires advanced technical equipment. Business is done by telephone (with many direct lines to important names) and teleprinter depending on distance and convenience. Spot and forward rates of the most important currencies and money market rates are displayed on a big rate board, remote-controlled by the chief dealers. Electronic data processing equipment is em- ployed to keep track instantly of the exchange positions and for the administrative handling of the business done. Cross rates are figured out with the help of electronic table calculators. I ----------------- Using the words in brackets as a guide, explain the meaning of the following terms and phrases: j 1. foreign exchange supply (the total amount of, available, 2. foreign exchange demand (the total amount of, required) 3. foreign exchange (foreign bank notes, placed without re 4. spot transaction (are traded, goods or securities, for im 5. forward transaction (in the future, at fixed dates, at fixed 6. market rate (a fixed ratio between) . 1. "to convert into": a) to supply, b) to carry out, c) to change into. 2. "to establish a uniform price range 'r : a) to set the limits within which the price varies, b) to take advantage of price differences, c) to differentiate prices. 3. "to deviate from the market rate": a) to announce new market rates, b) to turn away from the market rate, c) to differ from the market rate.
102 103 4. "to restore a balance": a) to bring back into a former position, b) to take advantage of price differences, c) to rebuild the economy. 5. "to do business on your own account": a) not to cooperate with a team of dealers, b) to settle accounts on your own, c) to do business for one's own profit or advantage. 6J "dealers must be brought up-to-date": a) acquainted with the recent methods of marketing, b) notified immediately about any changes in market rales, c) alarmed by any changes in market rales. 7. "to have a knack of doing Iwo Ihings al a lime": a) lo be able to do two Ihings simultaneously, b) lo conducl Iransaclion by lelephone or cable, c) lo get in touch with two people at a time. 8. "tokeeplrackof": a) lo use advanced lechnical equipmenl, b) lo keep in louch with, c) lo figure oul cross rales. HI Say ivhal is true and what is false. Correct the false sentences: 1. One of Ihe main objectives of banking aclivilies in foreign 2. The conversion of assels held in one currency inlo funds of 3. All banks have foreign exchange department and employ 4. If one wants lo become a foreign exchange dealer he must 5. If Ihe market rate changes, dealers all over the world must be notified at once, b'. Spot rales of the mosl important currencies are revealed while forward rates are kept secret. iv у Answer the following questions: \ 1. What is the lask of a bank's foreign (exchange department? 2. What types of transactions are concluded al foreign ex ?). VVhal are banking aclivilies in foreign exchange dealings aimed al? 4. Whal sleps are taken when the market rale of a currency 5. Which banks employ foreign exchange dealers? 6. What fealures of character should a foreign exchange 7. What modern technical devices are foreign exchange mar V' Show the relationship between pairs of the. following sentences by using a pronoun instead of a noun phrase which is repealed in the second sentence. Ex. The banks arc the natural intermediary between foreign exchange supply and demand. The banks enable their commercial or financial customers to convert assets hold in one currency inlo funds of another currency. The banks are the natural intermediary between foreign exchange supply and demand. They enable their commercial or financial customers lo convert assels held in one currency inlo funds of another.
104 105 1. Banking activities in the foreign exchange field tend to A uniform price range for any currency is achieved by means of arbitrage. 2. Only the big banks have a foreign exchange department Local banks do not usually employ qualified foreign exchange dealers. 3. A foreign exchange dealer acquires his professional skill A foreign exchange dealer works in close cooperation with other dealers. 4. When large transactions are completed the rates may VI Find the nouns which are qualified in the text by the phrase foreign exchange. Write them down. VII Combine the words listed below into meaningful two or market price system monetary . range transaction money rate
3. Only the banks dealing in foreign exchange employ.... 4. Transactions in which the amount due is paid on the de 5. Transactions in which the sum due is to be remitted in the
6. Electronic data processing equipment facilitates .... 7. Foreign exchange supply and demand dictate .... 8. Arbitrage in foreign exchange dealings takes advantage of \ VIII Complete the following sentences: 1. Banks specializing in foreign exchange dealings act as an 2. A balance in market rates at foreign exchange markets 106 107
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