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Structure recognition




Lesson three

Oral topic: in the chemical laboratory

Grammar: Participle II (Past Participle). Indefinite Passive voice. Words-substitutes “one”, “ones”, “that of”, “those of”. Imperative Mood. Grammar homonyms.

 

Part I

 

Structure recognition

Participle II

 

Study the Table and say what functions Participle II may perform in a sentence. Pay attention to the mode of translation of Participle II.

 

Table 1

 

Функции (functions) Пример (example) Перевод (translation)
определение (attribute) The standard buffer solution formed by a mixture of acid and its salt contains a base and its salt.   Experiments made by the students were discussed at the Department of organic Chemistry. Стандартный буферный раствор, образованный смесью кислоты и ее солей содержит основание и его соль. Эксперименты, выполненные студентами, обсудили на кафедре органической химии.
обстоятельство (adverbial modifier) с союзами if, when (with conjunctions if, when) When heated albumin hardens into a solid mass.   If boiled with dilute nitric acid the solution decompose. Принагревании альбумин затвердевает в плотную массу. Когда альбумин нагревают, он затвердевает в плотную массу. Если раствор кипятить с разбавленной азотной кислотой, то он разлагается.
составная часть глагола-сказуемого (part of a predicate in Passive Voice, Perfect Tenses Active Voice) At present impurities in the chemical substances are easily established. В настоящее время примеси в химических веществах легко установить (устанавливаются).

 

 

Exercise 1. Read the following regular verbs and pay attention to the pronunciation of the suffix – ed.

[-d] [-d] [-t] [-ıd]
studied played stayed freed engaged prolonged informed revised organized failed helped worked stopped produced missed waited generated

 

 

Exercise 2. Read and translate the following word combinations with Participle II.

a) As an attribute:

A student graduated from the university, passed credit-tests, the arranged meeting, a lecture delivered, a seen film, a broken glass, a well-made test, the task explained, a given food, elements discovered by scientists, beautifully colored leaves, a mixture placed in a cool place, the supplied reagents, the given amount of the substance, the obtained data, substances called reagents.

b) As an adverbial modifier:

When spoken to; when mixed; if done incorrectly; when fulfilled in time; if stored correctly; when kept ventilated; if kept in non-metallic containers; if used as indicated.

Exercise 3. Translate the following sentences and define functions of Participle II.

1. The information presented in the article was of great importance for the pharmacy students. 2. When poured into a container liquids take the shape of the container. 3. In the 20th century the vitamins and the elements required only in small amounts were discovered. 4. Reagents are usually supplied in boxes. 5. Silver dissolved in water kills many harmful bacteria. 6. Despite the health risk associated with lead, it was used by doctors for around 2000 years. 7. All the life on Earth – human beings, animals and plants – depend on the heat, light and other kinds of energy given off by the sun. 8. Hydrogen explodes easily when mixed with air or oxygen. 9. Cellulose is the most abundant substance found in the plant kingdom. 10. When heated, dry ice (solid CO2) becomes a gas. 11. Most poisonous plants are poisonous only if eaten.

 

 

Table 2

Indefinite Passive

 

to be (present, past, future) + Participle II
Утвердительная форма (Affirmative) 1. This effect is associated with the low temperature. 2. New substances were discovered at our laboratory. 3. The apparatus will be modified. 1. Этот эффект зависит от низкой температуры. 2. Новые вещества были открыты в нашей лаборатории. 3. Прибор будет модифицирован.
Вопросительная форма (Interrogative) 1. Is this effect associated with the low temperature? 2. Were new substances discovered at our laboratory? 3. Will the apparatus be modified? 1. Зависит этот эффект от низкой температуры? 2. Новые вещества были открыты в нашей лаборатории? 3. Прибор будет модифицирован?
Отрицательная форма (Negative) 1. This effect is not associated with low temperature. 2. New substances were not discovered at our laboratory. 3. The apparatus will not be modified. 1. Этот эффект не зависит от низкой температуры. 2. Новые вещества не были открыты в нашей лаборатории. 3. Прибор не будет модифицирован.

Exercise 4. Remember the following phrases and make up your own sentences with them:

a) It is said that … – Говорят, что …

It is reported that … – Сообщают, что …

It is announced that … – Объявлено, что …

b) It is evident that … – Очевидно, что …

It is clear that … – Ясно (понятно), что …

It is necessary (easy, difficult) to do – Необходимо (легко, трудно) сделать.

 

 

Exercise 5. Add a statement to the one you see. Use the model.

Model: They discussed this question last week. - So the question was discussed after all. He asked them to come. - So they were asked after all.

1. He finished this experiment last night. 2. They made the report on Tuesday. 3. I asked them to arrive here. 4. He wrote the article for the newspaper. 5. She answered the letter yesterday.

 

 

Exercise 6. Express your satisfaction with the news according to the model.

Model: We decided to translate it. – I’m glad it will be translated. He made up his mind to see you off. – I’m delighted I shall be seen off.

 

1. They decided to do this job at once. 2. She decided to finish the article. 3. He made up his mind to deliver this lecture. 4. She made up her mind to send a letter to Peter.

 

 

Exercise 7. Express your surprise in response to the statements given below. Use the model.

Model: They will make the report in time. – Will the report really be made? He sent the telegram at once. – Was the telegram really sent? They have made the experiment. – Has the experiment really been made?

 

1. They built this house in the last century. 2. We shall finish the work today. 3. He prepared the report. 4. She’ll take her exam next month. 5. The museum greatly impressed them. 6. They have opened the exhibition. 7. He has done the translation.

Exercise 8. Practise verb-preposition combinations used in the passive voice. Change the active construction into a passive one as in the model.

Model: They immediately sent for a doctor. – The doctor was immediately sent for.

Mind the translation of the following verbs:

laugh at – смеяться над;

look for – искать;

look through – просматривать;

look at – смотреть на что-либо, кого-либо;

look after – присматривать;

take care of – заботиться;

listen to – слушать;

call for – заходить за кем-либо;

put aside – откладывать в сторону.

1. They often laugh at this boy. 2. He will look for these documents. 3. We shall take care of your son. 4. The professor will operate on this woman. 5. We are looking through these articles. 6. We listened to the speaker with great interest. 7. The boy hurriedly put aside books and note-books. 8. The nurse will look after these patients. 9. Did you call for them yesterday? 10. I shall take care of the patient. 11. They didn’t look at him. 12. I will rely on your findings.

 

 

Exercise 9. Translate the sentences into Russian. Pay attention to the Indefinite Passive.

1. Many experiments are carried out by the pharmaceutical students during their studies. 2. Chemical laboratories are equipped with different apparatuses. 3. Positive effect was associated with the low temperature. 4. Pharmacy is defined as the science of recognizing, identifying, collecting, selecting, preparing and compounding substances. 5. First educational establishments with proper course for pharmacists were opened in Montpelier. 6. Thousands of future specialists are trained at the higher educational establishments. 7. Chemical and physical properties of inorganic substances were thoroughly studied during practical classes in chemistry. 8. Drug effects will be described after a number of experiments.

Exercise 10. Find the sentences with the verbs in Indefinite Passive. Translate them.

1. The work at the botanical stations help the students acquire deep knowledge of botany and pharmacognosy. 2. We will define chemistry today as the study of formation, composition, structure and reactions of the chemical elements and their compounds. 3. Great number of new compounds were described and important work was carried out on the determination of atomic weights. 4. Each period of development of medicine contributed to the store of medical knowledge. 5. The year 1887 may be accepted as the date of appearance of physical chemistry. 6. Galenical preparations will be produced according to the needs of medical knowledge.7. In ancient time the most important examinations were spoken, not written. 8. The written examination, where all students are tested on the same questions was probably not known until the 19th century.

Exercise 11. Open the brackets using the verbs in the Passive Voice.

1. The academic year in all types of educational institutions (divide) into two terms.

2. A laboratory is a place where experiments (carry out).

3. State universities partly (subsidize) by state governments.

4. Periodic Law (study) by millions of secondary school children and by students at higher establishments of natural sciences and engineering.

5. In British universities some university teacher (call) tutors.

6. A lecture - room is a place where lectures (deliver).

7. A students’ conference on this problem (hold) next month.

8. Pharmacy (define) as the science of drugs.

9. Great attention in his lectures (give) to organic chemistry.

10. In the 18th century the General Pharmaceutical Association of Great Britain (form).

11. The Fahrenheit thermometric scale and some new methods of study (introduce).

Exercise 12. Change the voice of the verbs.

Model: We carry out many experiments in our laboratory. Many experiments are carried out by us in our laboratory.

1. After each lesson we ventilated our classroom. 2. The students place laboratory vessels on the table. 3. In a year we shall equip our chemical laboratory with modern apparatuses. 4. Fahrenheit introduced a new scale into the experimental work in the 17th century. 5. The students take written exams at the end of the term. 6. The teacher gave him an interesting problem to solve. 7. The scientists discuss the experiments every day. 8. A librarian offered him many books on the subject of his report. 9. The Dean warmly thanked the students for the help. 10. After the experiment was over we recorded all the findings.

 

 

WORDS-SUBSTITUTES “one”, “ones”, “that of”, “those of”

Exercise 13. Analyze the sentences and find nouns which are substituted by the words “one”, “ones”, “that”, “those”. Translate the sentences.

Note: Words-substitutes are not translated into Russian. In some cases the translation of the noun may be used instead of the word-substitute.

Model: 1. The laboratory tables are higher than usual ones.Лабораторные столы выше, чем обычные (столы). 2. As the body changes from a state of rest to one of activity, its requirements alter. По мере того как организм переходит от пассивного состояния к активному (состоянию), его потребности меняются. 3. The simplest atom is thatof hydrogen. Самый простой атом – атомводорода. 4. Plants are divided into two main groups, those that have flowers, and those that do not. Растения делятся на две основные группы, растения у которых есть цветы и растения, у которых их нет.

1. The mercury thermometer is more accurate than the alcohol one. 2. I don’t like this test tube. Can you give me a better one? 3. It was necessary to use hydrochloric acid instead of sulphuric one. 4. Synthesis is the use of chemical reactions to build larger molecules from smaller ones. 5. Within six months or so, 90 percent of molecules that make up our bodies are replaced by new ones. 6. Simple microscopes – ones with only one lens – are really no more than the magnifying glasses. 7. A compound has properties that can be different from those of its component elements. 8. One of the most interesting periods in the history of chemistry was that of alchemists, 500-1600 AD. 9. The earliest known system of classification is that of Aristotle. 10 The early chemists were aware that fluorides contained an unknown element, fluorine, and that its compounds greatly resembled those of chlorine, but they could not isolate it.


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