Сослагательное наклонение в условных предложениях.

Text A: "MY FUTURE PROFESSION"

Hi, there! Here is Ann Sokolova again. I am afraid this will be my last meeting with you because I need to pack my suitcase. I am leaving for Sochi tonight. I have passed all the exams successfully and I'm free till the 1^st of September.

As I have already told you, I was always good in mathematics and physics. My parents bought me a computer when I was in the 10^th form. Since then I knew that I would become a specialist in computer technologies — a computer engineer.

Computer industry is developing so fast, that itcomprises almost all spheres of professional life. No business now is possible without computers. This is especially true aboutautomated manufacturing of products and robotics. Computer control of automated production opens newhorizonsfor thecheap and quality production of goods. Information is nowgenerated, transmitted,received, andstored electronically through computer networks on ascale unprecedented in history, and there is everyindication that theexplosive rate of growth in this field will continue.

Computer engineering is a general field. It deals withboth electric and electronic industries.

Electronicengineering deals with the research, design,integration,andapplication of circuits anddevicesused in thetransmissionandprocessing of information.

Engineers in the field of electric and electronic engineering are concerned with all aspects of electrical communications, from fundamental questions such as «What is information?» to the highly practical, such as the design of telephone systems. In designing communication systems, engineers rely on various branches of advanced mathematics, such as Fourier analysis, linear systems theory, linear algebra, differential equations, and probability theory.

Engineers work on control systems which are usedextensively in automated manufacturing and in robotics.

Major developments in the field of communications and control have been the replacement of analogue systems with digital systems; fibre optics are used now instead of copper cables. Digital systems offer far greater immunity to electrical noise. Fibre optics are likewise immune to interference; they also have great carrying capacity, and are extremely light and inexpensive to manufacture.

Computer engineering is now the most rapidly growing field. The electronics of computers is the design and manufacture of memory systems, of central processing units, and of peripheral devices. The most prospective industry now is the Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) and new computer architectures. The field of computer science is closely related to computer engineering; however, the task of making computers more «intelligent» (artificial intelligence), through creation of sophisticated programs or development of higher level machine languages or other means, is generally regarded as the dream of computer science.

One current trend in computer engineering is microminiaturization. Engineers continue to work to fit greater and greater numbers of circuit elements onto smaller and smaller chips.

Another trend is towards increasing the speed of computer operations through the use of parallel processors andsuperconducting materials.

So, as you see, there are a lot of employment opportunities in my field. I don't worry about finding a job. The most important thing for me now is to study well and to graduate from the Academy.

Vocabulary:

to comprise — включать в себя

automated manufacturing of products — автоматизированное производство товаров

robotics — робототехника

horizons — горизонты

cheap — дешевый

to generate — генерировать, производить

to transmit — передавать

to store — хранить

scale — масштаб

unprecedented in history — не имеющий прецедентов в истории

indication — указание, свидетельство

explosive — взрывной

to deal with — иметь дело с, заниматься чем-либо

integration — интеграция

application — приложение, использование

circuits — электрические схемы, цепи

device — устройство

transmission — передача

processing — обработка

to rely — полагаться

Fourier analysis — анализ Фурье

linear systems theory — теория линейных систем

linear algebra — линейная алгебра

differential equations — дифференциальные уравнения

probability theory — теория вероятности

extensively — широко

replacement — замещение

fibre optics — оптоволоконные технологии

copper — медь

digital — цифровой

immunity — защищенность, невосприимчивость

carrying capacity — пропускная способность

light — легкий

rapidly growing — быстрорастущий

artificial intelligence — искусственный разум

sophisticated — сложный

superconducting — сверхпроводимость

ADD TO YOUR ACTIVE VOCABULARY:

a) mechanical engineer — инженер-механик

electric engineer — инженер-электрик

electronic engineer — инженер электроник

computer engineer — инженер-компьютерщик

military engineer — военный инженер

b) prestigious job (work) — престижная работа

well-paid job — высокооплачиваемая работа

employee — наемный рабочий

employer — наймодатель

businessman — предприниматель, бизнесмен

state-employed — государственный служащий

white-collar worker — «белый воротничок», работник умственного труда

blue-collar worker — «синий воротничок», работник физического труда

skilled worker — квалифицированный рабочий

unskilled worker — неквалифицированный рабочий

experienced worker — опытный работник

c) to be hired for a job — быть нанятым на выполне­ние работы

to look for a new job (work, position) — искать но­вую работу

to apply for a new job — претендовать на какую-либо должность

application for a position of — заявление на какую-либо должность

resume — резюме

C.V. (curriculum vitae) — автобиография

to be fired — быть уволенным

to retire — уходить на пенсию

to be unemployed — быть безработным

Exercise 9.1. Translate into English:

1. Родители купили мне компьютер, когда я училась(ся) в десятом классе.

2. Никакой современный бизнес не возможен без компьютерной техники.

3. Компьютерная индустрия — наиболее быстроразвивающеся производство.

4. Компьютерное управление автоматизированными производственными линиями открывает новые горизонты дешевого и качественного производства товаров.

5. Крупным достижением в сфере коммуникации является замена аналоговых систем на цифорвые.

6. В настоящее время оптоволоконные цифровые технологии обеспечивают более качественную и доступную связь, чем аналоговые системы.

Exercise 9.2. How do you see your future profession? Please answer the following questions:

1) What kind of work are you interested in?

a) well paid

b) interesting

c) in a large and famous company

d) quiet

e) in an industry which has a future

f) prestigious

g) not to sit the whole day in the office

h) to travel a lot

2) What position would you like to have?

a) to manage people — manager

b) to work for someone else — an employee

c) to be your own boss — self-employed, businessman

d) to be responsible for everything — top manager, director

e) to work for the state — state employee

Exercise 9.3. Please discuss with your group advantages and disadvantages of your future profession. Do you think that engineering profession is prestigios? Is it well-paid? How difficult is it to find a good work in this field?

Text B «THE FUTURE OF THE ENGINEERING PROFESSION»

Among various recent trends in the engineering profession computerization is the most widespread. The trend in modern engineering offices is also towards computerization. Computers are increasingly used for solving complex problems as well as for handling, storing, and generating the enormous volume of data modern engineers must work with.

Scientific methods of engineering are applied in several fields not connected directly to manufacture and construction. Modern engineering is characterized by the broad application of what is known as systems engineering principles.

Engineers in industry work not only with machines but also with people, to determine, for example, how machines can be operated most efficiently by workers. A small change in the location of the controls of a machine or of its position with relation to other machines or equipment, or a change in the muscular movements of the operator, often results in greatly increased production. This type of engineering work is called time-study engineering.

A related field of engineering, human-factors engineering, also known as ergonomics, received wide attention in the late 1970s and 1980s when the safety of nuclear reactors was questioned following serious accidents that were caused by operator errors, design failures, and malfunctioning equipment.

Human-factors engineering seeks to establish criteria for the efficient, human-centred design of, among other things, the large, complicated control panels that monitor and govern nuclear reactor operations.

General understanding:

1. What is the most widespread trend in the engineering profession?

2. What are computers used for in modern engineering?

3. What approaches are used in modern engineering?

4. What is «ergonomics»?

5. What does human-factors engineering deal with?

GRAMMAR

§1. Придаточные предложения условия и времени. действие которых отнесено к будущему.

В придаточных предложениях условия и времени с союзами

If (если),

when (когда),

after (после),

before (перед тем, как),

as soon as (как только), ]

unless (если не),

until (до тех пор, пока не),

будущее время заменяется формой настоящего времени, но на русский язык переводится будущим, например:

If you help me, I shall do this work. — Если ты поможешь мне, я сделаю эту работу.

As soon as I get free, I'll come to you. — Как только я освобожусь, я приду к тебе.

We shall not begin until you come. — Мы не начнем, пока ты не придешь.

Exercise 9.4. Open the brackets and put the verbs in the right form:

1. He (go) out when the weather (get) warmer. 2. I (wait) for you until you (come) back from school. 3. I'm afraid the train (start) before we (come) to the station. 4. We (go) to the country tomorrow if the weather (to be) fine. 5. We (not pass) the examination next year if we not (work) harder. 6. If you (not drive) more carefully you (have) an accident. 7. You (be) late if you (not take) a taxi. 8. I (finish) reading this book before I (go) to bed. 9. You must (send) us a telegram as soon as you (arrive). 10. We (have) a picnic tomorrow if it (be) a fine day. 11. We (go) out when it (stop) raining. 12. We (not to have) dinner until you (come). 13. I'm sure they (write) to us when they (know) our new address.

Прочитайте примеры и запомните наиболее употребительные суффиксы существительных

-ег/ог — teacher, writer, actor, doctor

-ist — scientist, artist, dentist

-ment — government, movement, development

-(t)ion — revolution, translation, operation

-ity/ty — popularity, honesty, ability

-sion/ssion — revision, session, discussion,

-ness — happiness, illness, darkness

Прочитайте примеры и запомните наиболее употребительные суффиксы и префиксы глаголов.

re- — rewrite, rebuild, reconstruct,

mis- — misprint, misunderstand, miscount.

Прочитайте примеры и запомните наиболее употребительные суффиксы и префиксы прилагательных.

un- — unhappy, unable, uncomfortable

dis- — dishonest, discouraging, disconnectng

Прочитайте примеры и запомните основные суффиксы числительных.

-teen — fifteen, sixteen, eighteen

-ty — twenty, thirty, sixty, ninety

-th — fourth, seventh, eighteenth

Exercise 9.5. Make up adjectives from the following words:

colour, beauty, peace, use, hope, truth, rain, help, power, pain, care.

§2. Сослагательное наклонение в условных предложениях,

Сослагательное наклонение выражает возможность, нереальность, предположительность действия.

Изъявительное наклонение.

If I learn his address I shall write to him. — Если я узнаю его адрес, я ему напишу.

Сослагательное наклонение:

If I knew his address I would write to him. — Если бы я знал его адрес (сейчас), я написал бы ему (сейчас или в ближайшем будущем). Глагол в придаточном предложении — в форме Past Indefinite, в главном — в форме Future in the Past.

В случае, если действие, описываемое сослагательным наклонением, относится к прошедшему времени, в главном предложении используется форма будущего совершенного с точки зрения прошедшего Future Perfect in the Past, а в придаточном — прошедшее совершенное Past Perfect.

If I had known his address I would have written to him. — Если бы я знал его адрес (в прошлом), я написал бы ему (в прошлом же).

I wish I lived not far from here. (настоящее время). —Жаль, что я не живу поблизости.

I wish I had lived not far from here (прошедшее время). — Жаль, что я не жил поблизости.

Exercise 9.6. Translate into Russian:

1. If I came later I would be late for the lesson. 2. If he had known the time-table he wouldn't have missed the train. 3. It would be better if you learned the oral topics. 3. I wish I had known this before the examination. 4. I would have come to you if you had not lived so far away. 5. If I had seen you yesterday I would have given you my text-book. 6. If I were in your place I wouldn't buy the tickets beforehand. 7. If I had known that you needed help I would have helped you.

UNIT 1

METALS

I. Text A: «Metals», Text B: «Steel», Text C: «Methods of steel heat treatment»