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53 Unit 4. Data Processing Concepts

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1. The ENIAC (1943-1946)

The first all-electronic computer, the Electronic Numerical Integrator and Calculator (ENIAC) was developed at the Moore School of Electrical Engineering of the University of Pennsyl­vania. It was developed as a result of a military need. J.Presper Eckert and John Mauchly proposed the machine to solve the problem of calculating firing tables for new weapons.

The ENIAC weighed 90 tons, its 18.000 vacuum tubes de­manded 140 kilowatts of electric power. Although it was fully electronic, the ENIAC had two major shortcomings: it could store and manipulate only a very limited amount of informa­tion, and its programs were wired on board. Since its programs were hardwired — that is, the programs operating the comput­er were established by physically changing the patterns of the wires interconnecting the vacuum tubes — the machine was not so flexible in operation. These limitations made it difficult to detect errors and to change the programs. And yet, the project was successful and the ENIAC was used for many years to solve ballistic problems.

2. The EDVAC (1946-1952)

Although the idea of an automatic computing engine oc­curred first to Charles Babbage in 1832, it was more than a cen­tury later, in 1945, that John von Neumann set out the princi­ples that fixed the pattern of computer design.

Dr.John von Neumann, professor of mathematics at the Prinston Institute of Advanced Study, together with P.Eckert, J.Mauchly and Goldstine became a project member of a new improved computer, the Electronic Discrete Variable Comput­er (EDVAC). Von Neumann was a major contributor to the project as he developed the concept of storing instructions as well as data in the memory of the computer. As a result it be­came possible to replace the writing board, which so seriously handicapped the operation of the ENIAC.

Von Neumann is also given a share of the credit for intro­ducing the idea of storing both instructions and data in a bina­ry code instead of decimal numbers or human-readable words.

Английский язык. Основы компьютерной грамотности 54

3. The UNIVAC 1(1951)

P.Eckert and J.Mauchly left the EDVAC project to form their own company and built the UNIVAC I computer. UNIVAC stands for UNI\fersal Automatic Computer. The first UNIVAC was installed in the Census Bureau in 1951, and it was used continuously for 10 years. From the University laboratories the computer finally entered the wider world in 1951 with the in­vention of first UNIVAC I. It was the first digital computer which was not "one of a kind", it was produced in quantity.

In 1952 IBM (International Business Machine) introduced the 701 commercial computer. Although limited in storage ca­pacity by modern standards, the 701 could add a column of 10-digit numbers as tall as the Empire State Building in one sec­ond. Very soon improved models of the UNIVAC I and other 701-series machines were introduced. In 1953 IBM produced the IBM 650 which used a magnetic drum for storage and was popular with business and science.

15. Поменяйтесь вариантами и выполните письменно пе­ревод предложенных выше текстов.

TESTS

1. Подберите вместо пропусков подходящее по смыслу слово

1. Computer data_____ system frees humans from routine

error-prone tasks.

a) counting; b) computing: c),processing

2. Computers can store vast amount of information to orga-

nize it and______ it.

a) to travel; b) to retrieve; c) to respond

3. The entered data can be transmitted by____ networks.

a) communications; b) conversions; c) procession

4. The possibility of_____ is reduced if data were correct-

ly put into the data processing system, a) character; b) access; c) error

5. Computer data processing systems can____ at a frac­
tion of a second.

a) receive; b) respond; c) retrieve

55 Unit 4. Data Processing Concepts

6. Computer systems are vulnerable to the entry of____

data.

a), invalid; b) invariable; c) invisible

7. As soon as data were entered into the system correctly, the

human_____ is limited.

a) computation; b) information; ^manipulation

8. The amount of data stored on magnetic discs is constant-

ly______ •

a) decreasing; b>increasing; c) eliminating

2. Согласуйте слова в левой колонке с их интерпретацией, предложенной справа.

1. Inputting a) saving information for further pro-

cessing;

2. Character . b) the process of producing useful in-

formation;

3. Database c) meaningful collections of related

characters;

4. Data elements d) the most common input device;

5. Controlling ^e) the part of the computerthat receives

and stores data for processing;

6. Outputting f) directing the sequence of the opera-

tions performed;

7. Memory - g) >a written language symbol;

8. Record h) a collection of related data elements

9. Keyboard i) a set of related facts;

10. Storing j) the process of entering collected into

a data processing system;

Unit 5

COMPUTER SYSTEMS: AN OVERVIEW

1. Ознакомьтесь с терминами текста 1.

architecture ['aki'tektfs]— архитектура; структура

architect ['akitekt] — разработчик архитектуры (систе­мы, структуры)

unit ['jmnit] — устройство; модуль; блок; элемент; со­ставная часть

accessory equipment [sek'sesan] — вспомогательные уст­ройства

engineering background ['baekgraund]— техническая под­готовка, квалификация

analyst ['aenshst] — аналитик; системный разработчик product line — серия (компьютерных) продуктов

manufacturer [] — изготовитель; произво­дитель; разработчик

application programmer [aepli'keijh ргои'дгэетэ] — при­кладной программист

to simulate ['simjuleit] — моделировать; имитировать voltage ['voltidj] — напряжение pressure [] — давление, сжатие

digital computer ['did3itsl ksm'pjitfs] — цифровой компь­ютер

hybrid computer ['haibnd] — смешанного типа, аналого-цифровой компьютер

discrete [dis'kri:t] — дискретный; отдельный

continuous quantity [ksn'tinjuss 'kwDntiti] — непрерывная величина

on-going process —продолжающийся, постоянный, не­прерывный процесс

to rely [n'lai] — основываться на ч.-л.; полагаться

57 Unit 5. Computer Systems: An Overview

to install [m'sto:l] — устанавливать; размещать; монтиро­вать; настраивать

household appliances ['haushould sp'larensiz] — домашние приборы / устройства

microwave oven ['maikrouweiv 4vn] — микроволновая печь

indoor climate control system — система регуляции тем­пературы в доме