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Scan the text to determine whether these statements are true (T) or false (F), and if they are false say why.
e.g. In my opinion it is true that ... / I’m afraid it is false that ... because ...
| 1. | If the business has debts and one of the partners dies, the others are barely responsible for his debts. |
| 2. | Corporations are easy to organize, decisions can be made quickly, profits are shared with only a few people, and the owners are responsible for success or failure of the business. |
| 3. | If the corporation goes bankrupt or is sued, the stockholders lose the value of their stock. They are personally responsible for any money the corporation owes. |
| 4. | Bonds represent ownership in the corporation. |
| 5. | In corporations with many owners or stockholders the individual share of profits in the form of dividends is comparatively small. |
2.4.3 Develop the following ideas. Make use of the active vocabulary given in brackets:
1. The advantages of sole proprietorships explain why so many people start businesses and try to run them alone.
(to be a one-owner business; to be easy to organize, to make decisions; to receive profits; to run the business; to encounter difficult problems; to have limited resources; to deal with the problem of limited liability; to take the personal property to pay the debts of the business; to start an entirely new enterprise)
2. To increase their chances of success entrepreneurs often choose partnership instead of sole proprietorship.
(to be an entrepreneur, to contribute equal capital; to have equal authority in management; to be easy to organize; to be responsible for success or failure of the business; to lose a personal fortune in the case of bankruptcy; unlimited liability for debts)
3. The majority of businesses are limited companies, in which investors are only liable for the amount of capital they have invested.
(to go bankrupt; assets do not cover the debts; to form a corporation; to raise the large amount of money needed; to have the right to buy, sell, and own property; to make legal contracts; to hire and fire workers; to set prices; to be legally recognized to be sued, fined and taxed; to obtain a charter of incorporation; to issue shares of stock; to represent ownership in the corporation; to buy and sell shares of stock)
4. Corporations have disadvantages as well as advantages.
(to be filed with the state or federal government; to issue a charter; to set up a corporation; to pay stockholders regular dividends; to keep detailed records; to be subject to double taxation; to include something. on income tax forms; to control the business; to invest own money in the business; to arrange for management to own shares of stock)
2.4.4 Match each of the phrases on the left with an appropriate explanation on the right. Use the grid below:
| 1. | company (UK) / corporation (US) | A | a company whose shares are not publicly available |
| 2. | public company | B | an organization which is part of the state organisation |
| 3. | private company | C | an organization operating to make a profit |
| 4. | cooperative | D | a company which owns another |
| 5. | enterprise | E | a firm where shareholders’ liability is limited |
| 6. | government agency | F | firm owned by a parent company |
| 7. | limited company | G | documents showing income, expenditure, assets and liabilities, sales records, etc. |
| 8. | offshore company | H | two or more partners working together for profit, without limited liability |
| 9. | minority interest | I | a new commercial activity |
| 10. | parent company | J | cash items, or items that can easily be changed into cash for the present financial year |
| 11. | partnership | K | a company whose shares are publicly available |
| 12. | subsidiary (affiliate) | L | items of value which are not easily changed into cash but which the business needs. |
| 13. | company accounts | M | a firm based in a tax haven to avoid higher taxation |
| 14. | fixed assets | N | a democratic firm owned by its workers |
| 15. | current assets | O | company in which another firm has less than a 50% interest |
| C |
2.4.5 There are five main types of legally constituted company. Tick the correct characteristics for each business type, or write “possibly” if the characteristic could apply. Give a brief description of the companies:
| public limited company | private limited company | sole trader | partnership | co-operative | |
| single individual owns a company | |||||
| two or more owners / directors | |||||
| quoted on stock exchange | |||||
| workers run the company | |||||
| unlimited liability | |||||
| limited liability | |||||
| owner is self-employed |
2.4.6 Scan the text again and find the English equivalents for the following:
A.
1. оборотный капитал, оборотные фонды, оборотные средства
2. мобилизовать необходимую сумму денег
3. устав акционерной компании
4. передача собственности
5. норма прибыли на акцию/ облигацию
6. единоличное владение (хозяйство)
7. нанимать и увольнять служащих
8. разрешенный к выпуску акционерный капитал
9. организации, вкладывающие средства в создание новых компаний, часто с повышенным уровнем риска
10. быть оштрафованным
11. имущество, активы, фонды, капитал, ресурсы компании
12. вести подробные учетные записи
13. нести ответственность в пределах инвестированного капитала
14. полное товарищество (с неограниченной имущественной ответственностью)
15. акционерная компания с ограниченной ответственностью (США)
16. выступать в качестве ответчика в суде
17. часть прибыли компании, распределяемая среди акционеров
18. ограниченная ответственность (акционера)
19. получить сертификат об инкорпорации (лицензию)
B.
В частной акционерной компании (private limited company) в Англии может состоять от двух до пятидесяти членов (в их число не входят те, кто в ней работает). Частная компания не должна направлять бухгалтерские отчеты в бюро по регистрации акционерных компаний (Registrar), но ежегодно заявляет туда о том, что она не предлагала общественности свои акции или облигации. Частная компания – это зачастую дело семейное, капитал для которого собран среди членов семьи, которые, вследствие этого, владеют акциями компании. Но акции могут передаваться другим лицам только с согласия правления компании. Конечно же, это большой минус для держателя акций частных компаний. Т.к. каждая акция обладает одним голосом, у него должен быть по меньшей мере 51% акций, чтобы получить большинство голосов, необходимое для разрешения передачи акций другому лицу. Акции публичной компании с ограниченной ответственностью (PLC – public limited company) могут свободно продаваться на бирже или в ходе частных переговоров.
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