Read and translate the following text. Write down unknown words. London is the capital city of England and the United Kingdom

LONDON

London is the capital city of England and the United Kingdom. It is known as the largest metropolitan area in the United Kingdom, and the largest urban zone in the European Union.London is governed by the elected Mayor of London and the London Assembly. Until 1889 the name "London" was officially applied only to the City of London but since then it has also referred to the County of London and now Greater London.

London is located on the River Thames. London was founded by the Romans about 2000 ago. It was called Londinium. There were some theories concerning the etymology of London.It is an ancient name and is found in some sources from the 2nd century. It is recorded as Londinium, which points to Romano-British origin. Some scientists originated the name from a supposed King Lud. From 1899 it was commonly accepted that the name was of Celtic origin and meant place belonging to a man called *Londinos. In 1998 an explanation was put forward that it is derived from the pre-Celtic Old European *(p)lowonida, meaning 'river too wide to ford', and suggested that this name was given to the part of the River Thames which flows through London.

London is known as a centre of arts, commerce, education, entertainment, fashion, finance, healthcare, media, professional services, research and development, tourism and transport. It is the world's largest financial centre alongside New York City and some other big and well known cities of the world. London Heathrow is the world's busiest airport by number of international passengers. London's 43 universities form the largest concentration of higher education in Europe. Since 2012 London will be considered the first city to host the modern Summer Olympic Games three times. (The Summer Olympics were hold twice in 1908 and 1948.)

London has a diverse range of peoples, cultures and religions and more than 300 languages are spoken within its boundaries. In July 2010 Greater London had an official population of 7,825,200, making it the most populous municipality in the European Union.

There is no such a city in the world except London which contains four World Heritage Sites: the Tower of London; Westminster Abbey, and St Margaret's Church; and the historic settlement of Greenwich (in which the Royal Observatory marks the Prime Meridian (0 longitude) and GMT). There are some other famous landmarks: Buckingham Palace, the London Eye, Piccadilly Circus, St Paul's Cathedral, Tower Bridge, Trafalgar Square and Wembley Stadium. London is home to numerous museums, galleries, libraries, sporting events and some other cultural institutions, including the British Museum, National Gallery, British Library, Wimbledon and 40 theatres. London's Chinatown is the largest in Europe. The London Underground is considered to be the oldest underground railway network in the world. And were there any famous writers in London? Of course there were. Since the 16th century the name of William Shakespeare is known to everyone

There are some large parks in London. The largest parks are the Royal Parks of Hyde Park, its neighbour Kensington Gardens and Regent's Park. Regent's Park contains London Zoo, the world's oldest scientific zoo, and is located near the tourist attraction of Madame Tussauds Wax Museum.

Closer to central London are the smaller Royal Parks of Green Park and St. James's Park. Hyde Park in particular is popular for sports and sometimes hosts open-air concerts. A number of large parks are located outside the city centre, including the remaining Royal Parks of Greenwich Park and Bushy Park and Richmond Park, as well as Victoria Park. Primrose Hill to the north of Regent's Park is a popular spot to view the city skyline.

Some more informal, semi-natural open spaces also exist, including Hampstead Heath of North London. This incorporates Kenwood House, the former stately home and a popular location in the summer months where classical musical concerts are held by the lake, attracting thousands of people every weekend to enjoy the music, scenery and fireworks.

London is home to designers Vivienne Westwood, Galliano, Stella McCartney, Manolo Blahnik, and Jimmy Choo among others; its art and fashion schools make it an international centre of fashion alongside Paris, Milan and New York.

There are a variety of regular annual events in the city. The beginning of the year is celebrated with the relatively new New Year's Day Parade, fireworks display at the London Eye, and the world's second largest street party, the Notting Hill Carnival is held during the late August Bank holiday each year. Traditional parades include November's Lord Mayor's Show, a centuries-old event celebrating the annual appointment of a new Lord Mayor of the City of London with a procession along the streets of the City, and June's Trooping the Colour, a formal military pageant performed by regiments of the Commonwealth and British armies to celebrate the Queen's Official Birthday.

London is home to many museums, galleries, and other institutions, many of which are free of admission charges and are major tourist attractions as well as playing a research role. The first of these is the British Museum in Bloomsbury, it was established in 1753. Originally containing some antiquities, natural history specimens and the national library, the museum now has 7 million artefacts from around the globe. In 1824 the National Gallery was founded to house the British national collection of Western paintings; this now occupies a prominent position in Trafalgar Square. In the latter half of the nineteenth century the locale of South Kensington was developed as "Albertopolis". Three major national museums are located there: the Victoria and Albert Museum, the Natural History Museum and the Science Museum.

London is one of the major classical and popular music capitals of the world and is home to major music corporations, such as EMI, as well as countless bands, musicians and industry professionals.

КОНТРОЛЬНАЯ РАБОТА №1

ВАРИАНТ I

Задание I. Прочитайте и переведите весь текст устно. Перепишите 8, 9, 10, 11 абзацы текста и переведите их письменно. К собеседованию подготовьте чтение и перевод всего текста.

Liverpool

1 Liverpool is a city of Merseyside, England, along the eastern side of the Mersey Estuary. It was founded as a borough in 1207 and was granted city status in 1880. Liverpool had a population of 435,500. Inhabitants of Liverpool are referred to as Liverpudlians but are also colloquially known as "Scousers", in reference to the local dish known as "scouse", a form of stew. Liverpool's status as a port city has contributed to its diverse population, which was drawn from a wide range of peoples, cultures, and religions, particularly those from Ireland. The city is also home to the oldest Black African community in the country and the oldest Chinese community in Europe. Historically Liverpool was a major port. By the early 19th century, 40% of the world's trade passed through Liverpool's docks. Liverpool and Manchester became the first cities to have an intercity rail link, through the Liverpool and Manchester Railway.

2 Liverpool is internationally known for music and is recognised by Guinness World Records as the World Capital City of Pop. The popularity of The Beatles, Gerry and the Pacemakers and the other groups contributes to Liverpool's status as a tourist destination; tourism forms a significant part of the city's modern economy. Several areas of the city centre were granted World Heritage Site status by UNESCO in 2004. Referred to as the Liverpool Maritime Mercantile City, the site comprises six separate locations in the city including the Pier Head, Albert Dock and William Brown Street and includes many of the city's most famous landmarks. Liverpool is also the home of two Premier League football clubs, Liverpool F.C. and Everton F.C.. Matches between the two clubs are known as the Merseyside derby.

3 The original street plan of Liverpool is said to have been designed by King John and was granted a royal charter, making it a borough. The original seven streets were laid out in a H shape:

§ Bank Street (now Water Street)

§ Castle Street

§ Chapel Street

§ Dale Street

§ Juggler Street (now High Street)

§ Moor Street (now Tithebarn Street)

§ Whiteacre Street (now Old Hall Street)

4 The Housing Act 1919 resulted in mass council housing building across Liverpool during the 1920s and 1930s. Thousands of families were rehoused from the inner-city to new suburban housing estates. For periods during the 19th century the wealth of Liverpool exceeded that of London itself, and Liverpool's Custom House was the single largest contributor to the British Exchequer. Liverpool's status can be judged from the fact that it was the only British city ever to have its own Whitehall office.

5 Liverpool was also the site of the UK's first provincial airport, operating from 1930. Ferries, railways, transatlantic steamships, municipal trams, electric trains and the helicopter were all pioneered in Liverpool as modes of mass transit. In 1829 and 1836 the first underground railway tunnels in the world were constructed under Liverpool.

6 The first School for the Blind, Mechanics' Institute, High School for Girls, council house and Juvenile Court were all founded in Liverpool. The RSPCA, NSPCC, Age Concern, Relate, Citizen's Advice Bureau and Legal Aid all evolved from work in the city.

7 In the field of public health, the first lifeboat station, public baths and wash-houses, sanitary act, medical officer for health, district nurse, slum clearance, purpose-built ambulance, X-ray medical diagnosis, school of tropical medicine, motorised municipal fire-engine, free school milk and school meals, cancer research centre, and zoonosis research centre all originated in Liverpool. The first British Nobel Prize was awarded in 1902 to Ronald Ross, professor at the School of Tropical Medicine, the first school of its kind in the world. Orthopedic surgery was pioneered in Liverpool by Hugh Owen Thomas, and modern medical anesthetics’ by Thomas Cecil Gray.

8 In finance, Liverpool founded the UK's first Underwriters' Association and the first Institute of Accountants. The Western world's first financial derivatives (cotton futures) were traded on the Liverpool Cotton Exchange in the late 1700s.

9 In the arts, Liverpool was home to the first lending library, athenaeum society, arts centre and public art conservation centre. Liverpool is also home to the UK's oldest surviving classical orchestra, the Royal Liverpool Philharmonic Orchestra. Shipowner Sir Alfred Lewis Jones introduced the banana to Great Britain in 1884. In 1897, the Lumière brothers filmed Liverpool, including what is believed to be the world's first tracking shot, taken from the Liverpool Overhead Railway – the world's first elevated electrified railway.

10 There are three tiers of government; the Local Council, the National Government and the European Parliament. Liverpool is officially governed by a Unitary Authority. However several services such as the Police and Fire and Rescue Service, continue to be run at a county-wide level.

11 Liverpool's historic position as one of the most important trading ports in the world has meant that over time many grand buildings have been constructed in the city as headquarters for shipping firms, insurance companies, banks and other large firms. The great wealth of this brought contributed to the development of grand civic buildings, which were designed to allow the local administrators to 'run the city with pride'.

Задание II. Выпишите все незнакомые слова. Найдите в тексте следующие слова и словосочетания, найдите их транскрипцию в словаре, выучите их. Знание слов будет проверяться на собеседовании.

поселение

горожане

население

железнодорожное сообщение

делать вклад

достопримечательности

благосостояние

фьючерсы

таможня

Нобелевская премия

биржа

Задание III. Найдите в 1,2 абзаце текста предложения, в которых употребляется глагол во времени Present Simple Active, выпишите и переведите их на русский язык.

Задание IV. Найдите в 1,11 абзаце текста предложения, в которых употребляется глагол во времени Present Perfect Active, выпишите и переведите их на русский язык.

Задание V. Найдите в 10 абзаце текста предложение, в которых употребляется конструкция There + be, выпишите и переведите его на русский язык.

Задание VI. Найдите в 4,6,8 абзаце текста предложения, в которых употребляется глагол в пассивном залоге, выпишите и переведите их на русский язык.

Задание VII. Найдите в 3,5 абзаце текста предложения, в которых употребляется количественные и порядковые числительные, выпишите и переведите их на русский язык.

Задание VIII. Найдите в 1,4,11 абзаце текста предложения, в которых употребляется прилагательные в разных степенях сравнения, выпишите и переведите их на русский язык.

Задание IX. Переведите предложения на русский язык, обращая внимание на значение предлогов.

1. When the man is not working he is at home in the company of his wife and children and busies himself with the affairs of the home.

2. As a result of these changes in the pattern of people's lives, there are many households which consist of only one person or one person and children.

3. Based on market exchange rates the UK is today the sixth-largest economy in the world.

4. The Bank of England is the UK's central bank and is responsible for issuing the nation's currency.

5. There are many large ports on the southern coast of England.

6. The hotel is near tothe station.

7. The Notting Hill Carnival is held during the late August Bank holiday each year.

Задание IX. Задайте вопросы к выделенным словам.

1. Liverpool is officially governed by a Unitary Authority.

2. By the early 19th century, 40% of the world's trade passed through Liverpool's docks.

КОНТРОЛЬНАЯ РАБОТА №1

ВАРИАНТ II

Задание I. Прочитайте и переведите весь текст устно. Перепишите 8, 9, 10, 11 абзацы текста и переведите их письменно. К собеседованию подготовьте чтение и перевод всего текста.

Manchester

1 Manchester is a city and metropolitan borough in Greater Manchester, England. Population of Manchester was 498,800. Manchester is situated in the south-central part of North West England, fringed by the Cheshire Plain to the south and the Pennines to the north and east. The recorded history of Manchester began with the civilian settlement associated with the Roman fort of Mamucium, which was established in 79 AD on a sandstone bluff near the confluence of the rivers Medlock and Irwell.

2 The town of Manchester was granted a charter by Thomas Grelley in 1301 but lost its borough status in a court case of 1359. Until the 19th century, local government was largely provided by manorial courts, the last of which ended in 1846. In 1853 Manchester was granted city status in the United Kingdom. Historically, most of the city was a part of Lancashire, although areas south of the River Mersey were in Cheshire. Manchester is mentioned as having a market in 1282. Around the 14th century, Manchester received an influx of Flemish weavers, sometimes credited as the foundation of the region's textile industry. Manchester became an important centre for the manufacture and trade of woolens and linen. Significant quantities of cotton began to be used after about 1600, firstly in linen/cotton fustians, but by around 1750 pure cotton fabrics were being produced and cotton had overtaken wool in importance.

3 The Irwell and Mersey were made navigable by 1736, opening a route from Manchester to the sea docks on the Mersey. The Bridgewater Canal, Britain's first wholly artificial waterway, was opened in 1761, bringing coal from mines at Worsley to central Manchester. The canal was extended to the Mersey at Runcorn by 1776. The combination of competition and improved efficiency halved the cost of coal and halved the transport cost of raw cotton. Manchester became the dominant marketplace for textiles produced in the surrounding towns. A commodities exchange, opened in 1729, and numerous large warehouses, aided commerce. In 1780, Richard Arkwright began construction of Manchester's first cotton mill.

4 Throughout the Middle Ages Manchester remained a manorial township, but it began to expand "at an astonishing rate" around the turn of the 19th century. Manchester's unplanned urbanisation was brought on by a boom in textile manufacture during the Industrial Revolution, and resulted in it becoming the world's first industrialised city. An early 19th-century factory building boom transformed Manchester from a township into a major mill town and borough that was granted city status in 1853. In 1894 the Manchester Ship Canal was built, creating the Port of Manchester.

5 Much of Manchester's history is concerned with textile manufacture during the Industrial Revolution. The great majority of cotton spinning took place in the towns of south Lancashire and north Cheshire, and Manchester was for a time the most productive centre of cotton processing, and later the world's largest marketplace for cotton goods. Manchester was dubbed "Cottonopolis" and "Warehouse City" during the Victorian era. In Australia, New Zealand and South Africa, the term "manchester" is still used for household linen: sheets, pillow cases, towels, etc.

6 Engineering firms initially made machines for the cotton trade, but diversified into general manufacture. Similarly, the chemical industry started by producing bleaches and dyes, but expanded into other areas. Commerce was supported by financial service industries such as banking and insurance. Trade, and feeding the growing population, required a large transport and distribution infrastructure: the canal system was extended, and Manchester became one end of the world's first intercity passenger railway—the Liverpool and Manchester Railway.

7 Manchester has a notable place in the history of Marxism and left-wing politics; being the subject of Friedrich Engels' work The Condition of the Working Class in England in 1844. The first Trades Union Congress was held in Manchester (at the Mechanics' Institute, David Street), from 2 to 6 June 1868. Manchester was an important cradle of the Labour Party and the Suffragette Movement.

8 Manchester has the largest UK office market outside London. Manchester is a focus for businesses which serve local, regional and international markets. It is the fifth-largest financial centre in the United Kingdom outside London. Legal, accounting, management consultancy and other professional and technical services exist in Manchester.

9 The city is notable for its culture, music scene, scientific and engineering achievements, media links and sporting connections. Manchester's sports clubs include Premier League football teams, Manchester City and Manchester United. Manchester was the site of the world's first railway station, where scientists first split the atom and developed the first stored-program computer. There are two universities, including the largest single-site university in the United Kingdom, and has one of the country's largest urban economies. Manchester is also the third-most visited city in the United Kingdom by foreign visitors, after London and Edinburgh, and the most visited in England outside London.

10 Manchester's buildings display a variety of architectural styles, ranging from Victorian to contemporary architecture. The widespread use of red brick characterises the city.

11 Manchester is represented by three tiers of government, Manchester City Council ("local"), UK Parliament ("national"), and European Parliament ("Europe").

Задание II. Выпишите все незнакомые слова. Найдите в тексте следующие слова и словосочетания, найдите их транскрипцию в словаре, выучите их. Знание слов будет проверяться на собеседовании.

поселение

поместный суд

ткач

товарная биржа

товарный склад

судоходный

промышленная революция

железнодорожное сообщение

конгресс профсоюзов

местные, региональные и международные рынки

Задание III. Найдите в 1,7,10 абзаце текста предложения, в которых употребляется глагол во времени Present Simple Active, выпишите и переведите их на русский язык.

Задание IV. Найдите в 3,4,6 абзаце текста предложения, в которых употребляется глагол во времени Past Simple Active, выпишите и переведите их на русский язык.

Задание V. Найдите в 9 абзаце текста предложение, в которых употребляется конструкция There + be, выпишите и переведите его на русский язык.

Задание VI. Найдите в 2,5,11 абзаце текста предложения, в которых употребляется глагол в пассивном залоге, выпишите и переведите их на русский язык.

Задание VII. Найдите в 3,5,8 абзаце текста предложения, в которых употребляется количественные и порядковые числительные, выпишите и переведите их на русский язык.

Задание VIII. Найдите в 2,5,8 абзаце текста предложения, в которых употребляется прилагательные в разных степенях сравнения, выпишите и переведите их на русский язык.

Задание IX. Переведите предложения на русский язык, обращая внимание на значение предлогов.

1. A "typical" British family used to consist of mother, father and two children, but in recent years there have been many changes in family life.

2. Although the family holiday is still an important part of family life many children have holidays away from their parents, often with a school party or other organized group.

3. There are about 10 million old-age pensioners in Britain, of whom about 750,000 cannot live entirely independently.

4. He moved away from his home town to work in New York ten years ago.

5. The most rapid growth in recent years has been in pharmaceuticals, pesticides and cosmetics.

6. Tomorrow afternoon we’re going to play tennis from 3 o’clock until 4.30.

7. The Mediterranean Sea is betweenEurope and Africa.

Задание IX. Задайте вопросы к выделенным словам.

1. Much of Manchester's history is concerned with textile manufacture.

2. The first Trades Union Congress was held in Manchester from in June 1868.