NABEREZHNYE CHELNY

LONDON

London is the capital of England. In London you can find some
of the best theatres, cinemas and museums. There are many beautiful
old churches in London too. There are about 10 thousand streets in
London. Most of the streets are not very wide. You can see many shops
in London. Oxford Street is London's main shopping center. You can
buy clothes, shoes and toys in it. People from all over the world shop in
Oxford Street. You can find many old and new beautiful narks in the
city. The largest park in London is Hyde Park. It is one of the most
popular places of Londoners on hot summer days. There are many other
pleasant parks and green squares there too.

Tourists in London always want to visit Westminster and see Big
Ben. They want to see the clock in its tower and to hear the bells. Big
Ben is really a bell. You hear it every hour. It is a big bell and you can
hear on the radio: "This is the BBC. The time is six o'clock".

The most interesting historical place is the Tower of London.
The Tower of London was a fortress, a palace, a prison and the King's
Zoo. Now it is the museum. You can see a lot of interesting things in the
halls of the White Tower. Its square walls are white and very tall.

William the Conqueror built it in the eleventh century. There are
always black ravens in the Tower of London. People keep them in the
Tower of London and look after them very well as they believe that
London will be rich while ravens live there.

One of the greatest English churches, St. Paul's Cathedral, is not
far from the Tower of London. The famous English architect Sir
Christopher Wren built it in the 17th century after the Great Fire. It
took Sir Christopher Wren 35 years. It is a beautiful building with many
columns and towers. In one of its towers there is one of the largest bells
in the world.

The centre of London is Trafalgar Square. Some people say it is
the most beautiful place in London. In the middle of the square stands a
tall column. It is a monument to Admiral Nelson. Four bronze lions look
at the square from the monument. There are two beautiful fountains in
the square. They are in front of the National Gallery which is one of the
best picture galleries of the world. Every day many tourists visit this fine building with tall columns.

NABEREZHNYE CHELNY

Naberezhnye Chelny is second in size only to Kazan. Its
population is half a million. People of more than sixty nationalities live
here. The city has two parts: the old and the new. The history of
Naberezhnye Chelny is interesting and romantic. In the sixteenth centuries
these territories belonged to the khan. In 1552, Kazan was conquered
by the army of Russian tsar Ivan the Terrible. As time passed the bank of
the River Kama became covered with settlements of Russian migrants.
Many of those settlements were called Chelny, which means "canoes" -
"Canoes on the Bank". Now we see a modern white stoned city.

Naberezhnye Chelny is a large industrial, cultural and educational
center. As an industrial centre it has a lot of factories, they produce
many things: food, clothing, building constructions motor-cars and so
on. About half of its population is engaged in industry.

The cultural life of the town is rich. Some museums, clubs,
cinemas, the Russian and Tatar Drama Theatres, Puppet's theatre open
their doors to all those who want to visit them. Many famous singers,
actors come to our town with their shows.

In Naberezhnye Chelny there are many colleges, institutes where
you can receive professional training.

The town is very nice, especially in summer, when there are many
green trees, a great deal of flowers. In the town there are some parks.
Here you can see some monuments. There is the Cenotaph and Eternal
Flame in memory of those who were killed in Great Patriotic and Civil
Wars, the memorial to Musa Jalil, the famous Tatar writer, Phoenix, a symbol of eternity and revival, which personifies the Mother land.

People living in the town are friendly and hospitable. The average
age of the inhabitants is 38.

3. WHAT IS BUSINESS?

Business is a word which is commonly used in many different languages. But exactly what does it mean? The concepts and activities of business have increased in modern times. Traditionally, business simply meant exchange or trade for things people wanted or needed. Today it has a more technical definition. One definition of business is the production, distribution, and sale of goods and services for a profit. To examine this definition, we will look at its various parts.

First, production is the creation of services or the changing of materials into products. One example is the conversion of iron ore into metal car parts. Next, these products need to be moved from the factory to the marketplace. This is known as distribution. A car might be moved from a factory in Detroit to a car dealership in Miami.

Third is the sale of goods and services. Sale is the exchange of a product or service for money. A car is sold to someone in exchange for money. Goods are products which people either need or want; for example, cars can be classified as goods. Services, on the other hand, are activities which a person or a group performs for another person or organization. For instance, an auto mechanic performs a service when he repairs a car. A doctor also performs a service by taking care of people when they are sick.

Business, then, is a combination of all these activities: production, distribution, and sale. However, there is one other important factor. This factor is the creation of profit or economic surplus. A major goal in the functioning of an American business company is making a profit. Profit is the money that remains after all the expenses are paid. Creating an economic surplus or a profit is, therefore, a primary goal of business activity.