Read and translate the text. Roof is an overhead building construction, performing carrying, waterproofing and heat insulation functions

ROOFS

Roof is an overhead building construction, performing carrying, waterproofing and heat insulation functions. Roofs have been constructed in a wide variety of forms as dictated by technical, economic, or aesthetic considerations.

Two main types of roofs are flat roofs and sloping ones. The flat roof has historically been widely used in the areas where the climate is dry and the drainage of water off the roof is thus of secondary importance. Flat roofs came into widespread use in Europe when new waterproof roofing materials and the use of structural steel and concrete made them more practical. Flat roofs soon became the most commonly used type to cover warehouses, office buildings, and other commercial buildings, as well as for many residential structures. Besides, the flat roof also perform other functions: it can serve as a solarium, a garden, a sport ground or even as a car park.

Sloping roofs come in many different varieties. The simplest is the shed, which has only one slope. A roof with two slopes that form an "A" or triangle is called a gable, or pitched, roof. This type of roof was used as early as the temples of ancient Greece and is still a very common form of roof. A hip, or hipped, roof is a gable roof that has slopes instead of vertical ends. It was commonly used in Italy and elsewhere in southern Europe and is now a very common form in American houses. Gable and hip roofs can also be used for homes with more complicated layouts. The gambrel roof is a type of gable roof with two slopes on each side, the upper being less steep than the lower. The mansard roof is a hipped gambrel roof, thus having two slopes on every side. It was widely used in Renaissance and Baroque French architecture. Both of the above-mentioned roof types can provide extra attic space or other room without building an entire additional floor. They can also have a strong aesthetic appeal.

The external covering of a roof must prevent rainfall or other atmospheric precipitates from penetrating a building. There are two main groups of roof coverings. One group consists of a waterproof film that repels water. The tar that is used to coat roofing felt is the prime example of this type. The other group consists of pieces of a waterproof material that are arranged in such a way as to prevent the direct passage of water through the joints between those pieces. This group includes shingles made of various materials, tiles made of clay or slate, and corrugated sheets of steel, aluminum, lead, copper or zinc.

Flat roofs are normally covered with roofing felt and tar, while sloped roofs are generally covered with shingles or sheet metal.

6. Match the definitions with the appropriate words.

1. shed a) a type of gable roof with two slopes on each side,

the upper being less steep than the lower.

2. gable roof b) a roof which has only one slope

3. hip roof c) a hipped gambrel roof having two slopes on every side.

4. gambrel roof d) a roof with two slopes that form an "A" or triangle

5. mansard roof e)a gable roof that has slopes instead of vertical ends

7. Find the answers to the following questions in the above text.

1. What are the functions of a roof?

2. What types are roofs divided into?

3. Where has flat roofs been widely used? Why?

4. What are the most common application of flat roofs nowadays?

5. What types of sloping roofs exist?

6. What is the aim of external roof covering?

7. What types of roof covering do you know?

8. What type of roof is usually covered with tar?

9. What kind of covering is used for sloping roofs?

8. a) Look at the picture and define the type of each roof.

b) Think of the best type of roof for:

detached house; university building;

block of flats; bungalow;

department store; sky-scraper.

c) Explain your choice. Suggest the appropriate kind of covering.

9. Mark the row which contain modal verbs.

1. form, lay, locate, resist, protect, design, situate;

2. should, can, is to, need, must, may, able to;

3. span, chip, insulation, nail, moisture, material.

10. Fill in the blanks with a modal verb or its equivalent in the necessary form.

1. ... I read this book? ‑ I think you ....

2. On Monday we ... go to the Russian Museum.

3. ... I use a dictionary while I am translating the text? ‑ No, you ....

4. The lecturer ... come at 9 o´clock in the morning.

5. Yesterday I ... attend the parents´ meeting at school but I ... .

6. This worker ... train young people for work in our shop.

7. Professor N. ... deliver a lecture but he did not feel well and ... to come.

8. We ... ... ... proceed with our experiment.

9. They ... ... obtain better results.

10. They ... ... ... provide us with necessary material.

11. She ... ... ... ... supervise these students´ studies next week.

11. Answer the questions using the model.

Model: Why can´t you do it now? (to go home at once)

Because I must go home at once.

1. Why can´t we go away at once? (to finish my report)

2. Why can´t you give me both books? (to return one of them to the library)

3. Why can´t they use the conventional treatment of the felt deck? (the insulation layer)

4. Why can´t they use the both low rise roof? (the flat roof of domestic property)

5. Why can´t he live in his old house? (to demolish the house)

12. Translate the text paying attention to new words and ways of expressing the object.