ECONOMICS

1. Economics was defined by Alfred Marshall, one of the great Victorian economists, as "the study of mankind in the everyday business of life". There are other definitions of economics, but Marshall's definition draws attention to the unique feature of human society: that unlike other animals, man provides for his everyday needs by means of a complex pattern of production, distribution and exchange.

2. This everyday business of providing the means of livelihood is called by the general term 'economy'. Economics is the study of economies, and in particular of modern economies such as those of Western Europe and the USA. It is interesting to study primitive economies, but it is the advanced economies that interest us most.

3 How do we produce all the things that we need? How do we distribute the products among the various groups in the society? What institutions have we developed to promote economic activity, and how does each institution play its part in the intricate relationships of everyday life?

4. The economic systems fall into three categories, they are traditional economies, controlled economics and free economies. In fact most countries must be, to some extent, mixed economies. It is impossible for bureaucracy to supervise every aspect of production in the countries of controlled economies while the monopolistic exploitation of the mass of any people in a truly 'free enterprise' system is totally unacceptable in the modern world.

ВАРИАНТ 2

I. Перепишите следующие предложения, определите в из них видо-временную форму и залог глагола- сказуемого. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. Almost everything in the modern world is done with the help of computers.

2. Originally computers were used only for doing calculations.

3. Computers are being used more and more extensively in the world now.

4. A new kind of processor has been launched into the market recently.

II. Перепишите предложения и переведите их на русский язык, обращая внимание на разные значения слов it, that, one.

1. It is wholesale vendors who take part in wholesale fairs and sign contracts with consumers and suppliers.

2. -Which coat is yours? -The grey one.

3. It is essential to support small businesses.

4. Unless the company pays more attention to the research and development, it won’t be competitive.

III. Перепишите предложения и переведите их на русский язык, обращая внимание на разные значения слов to be, to do, to have.

1. We’ll have to review the prices.

2. She is to come to the office at nine.

3. .We did include this issue in the agenda.

4. .We do business with a few European countries.

5. .Our interpreters usually do their translations carefully.

6. They have got a lot of customers overseas

IV.Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их на русский язык, обращая внимание на бессоюзное подчинение

.1 This is a new company we don't know much about.

2 The technological projects the we are using currently were developed last year

V Перепишите предложения, переведите их на русский язык, обращая внимание на функцию инфинитива.

1. The task of small busunesses is to create retail and catering outlets.

2. To market consumer goods and provide all kinds of paid services small businesses should have a wide sales network.

3. It is necessary for a newly established company to carefully work out its own advertising and marketing policy.

4. This is the issue to be discussed as soon as possible.

VI. Прочитайте и устно переведите с 1 по 4 абзацы текста Перепишите и письменно переведите 1,2, 3-й абзацы текста

VII.. Прочитайте текста еще раз. Из приведенных вариантов ответа укажите номер предложения, содержащего правильный ответ на поставленный вопрос.

What does the computer do in commerce?

1. Control manufacturing processes.

2. Compose music.

3. Record and process inventories, bills, payrolls.

COMPUTERS

1. Originally computers were used only for doing calculations. When Ch.Babbage, a professor of mathematics at Cambridge University, invented the first calculating machine in 1812 he could hardly have imagined the situation we find ourselves in today.

2. Almost everything in modern world is done with the help of computers. Computers are being used more and more extensively in the world now, for the simple reason that they are more efficient that human beings. They have much better memories and can store great amount of information and they can do calculations in a fraction of the time required by a human mathematician. No man alive can do 500000 sums in one second, but a modern computer can.

3. In fact, a computer can do many things we do, but faster and better. They can control machines at factories, work out tomorrow’s weather and even play chess, write poetry or compose music. In science computers digest and analyze masses of measurements such as the sequential positions and velocities of a spacecraft and solve extraordinary long and complex mathematical problems, such as the trajectory of the spacecraft.

4. In commerce they record and process inventories, purchases, bills, payrolls, bank deposit and the like and keep track of ongoing business transactions. In industry they monitor and control manufacturing processes. In government they keep statistics and analyze economic information. Computers are also a great help to scholars in history, literature and so on.

ВАРИАНТ 3

I Перепишите следующие предложения, определите в каждом из них видо-временную форму и залог глагола- сказуемого. Переведите предложения на русский язык (см.образец выполнения 1)

1. A new ring-road is being built around the city.

2 The room had been cleaned before we arrived.

3. The problem was being discussed when the manager came in.

4. He told me that he had been invited to the conference.

II. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их на русский язык, обращая внимание на разные значения one, it, that(см. образец выполнения 2)

1. One can use such methods in one's work.

2. It’s nice to see you again.

3. It is surprising that he thinks so.

III. Перепишите предложения и переведите их на русский язык, обращая внимание на разные значения глаголовto be, to have, to do.

1. They are to leave on Friday.

2 We had to answer a lot of questions at the examinations.

3. He didn’t apply for this job as Martin didn’t have the relevant qualifications.

4 They are both good students.

5 The professor had left by the time we arrived.

6 What do you usually do on Sunday?

IV Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их на русский язык, обращая внимание на бессоюзное подчинение (см. образец выполнения 3).

1. He posted the letter he had written.

2 She knew they had left London.

V. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их на русский язык, обращая внимание на функцию инфинитива

1 . She decided not to buy a car.

2. To walk in the garden was pleasant.

3. The professor gave us some materials to study.

4. He was pleased to meet them.

VI. Прочитайте и устно переведите с 1 по 4-й абзацы текста. Перепишите и письменно переведите 1, 3 и 4-й абзацы текста

ADVERTISING

1. Advertising is a message to promote a product, a service or an idea. The purpose of most advertising is to sell products or services. Advertising plays a key role in the competition among businesses for the consumer’s money. In many businesses the volume of sales depends largely on the amount of advertising done.

2. Manufacturers advertise to persuade people to buy their products. Large firms also use advertising to create a favourable image of their company. The company may advertise in many ways depending on how much it wishes to spend, and the size and type of the target audience. If the company wants to enter the market or to launch a new product, it often starts an advertising campaign.

3. Such campaigns are usually very successful because people learn about new products or services. There are different ways of advertising: newspapers, television, direct mail, radio, magazines, outdoor signs, other ways (transit advertisement, window displays, point-of-purchase displays, telephone directories and novelties).

4. Television is a chief medium used by advertisers. In the USA 100 largest advertisers spend on average 75 percent of their advertising budgets on television. Food companies spend about 80 per cent on television, and candy, snacks and soft drinks companies spend about 85 per cent.

Пояснения к тексту:

advertising – реклама

transit advertisement – реклама в городском транспорте

window display – витрина

point-of-purchase display – выкладка на месте покупки

VII. Прочитайте текст еще раз. Из приведенных вариантов ответа укажите номер предложения, содержащего правильный ответ на поставленный вопрос.

How much do food companies spend on advertising on TV?

1) They spend 75% of their advertising budget.

2) They spend 80% of their advertising budget.

3) They spend 85% of their advertising budget.

ВАРИАНТ 4

1. Перепишите предложения, определите в каждом из них видо-временную форму и залог глагола-сказуемого. Переведите предложения на русский язык ( см. образец выполнения I).

1. The long-term agreement was signed last week.

2. This advertisement is still being published. It isn’t ready yet..

3. Recently a new shopping center has been opened in our town.

4. The work of economists is concerned with the analysis of the economic and financial issues.

II. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их на русский язык, обращая внимание на разные значенияit, that, one (см.образец выполнения 2)

1. It is impolite to leave the letter unanswered.

2. One must show the passport here.

3. We know that management is important for business.

III. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их на русский язык, помня о разных значениях глаголов to be, to have, to do

1. Commodity imports have risen substantially this year.

2. If you have to send a fax , do it promptly.

3. Britain is to reduce her export prices.

4. The government had to introduce new measures to stimulate the economy.

5. It is the biggest voluntary organization in the world.

6. They do know economics well.

IV Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их на русский язык, обращая внимание на бессоюзное подчинение (см. образец выполнения 3).

1. I hope you will accept my sincere apologies.

2. The measure this programme provides for is very popular.

3. Unfortunately the delivery date you asked for is rather short.

V. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их на русский язык, обращая внимание на функцию инфинитива.

I. Overseas companies will be invited to invest in the constructionof the project.

2. It wasn't easy to find the way to the railway station.

3. I want to accompany you up to the metro station.

4. He was the first to come to the meeting.

VI.Перепишите и письменно переведите 1, 2, 3 абзацы текста.

JOB SEARCH

1. Job search is a long process which needs lots of time and effort. You can’t start it without a resume. You present the most important information about yourself in it: your background, your work experience, skills and special knowledge. You should write your objective too, that is what position you are aiming at.

2. With your resume drawn you start direct search. You look through business magazines and newspapers and look for the companies that regularly hire in your field. You can send your resume to these companies. Employment and recruitment agencies are aimed at assisting you in finding a job. State employment agencies are funded by state labour departments. The most effective way to use their services is to visit the local offices.

3. Only employment agencies and some recruitment agencies will actively market you to a large number of companies. The most part of recruitment agencies only present the credentials on exciting position. It is useful to visit job fairs and career days, ask your family, relatives, friends, neighbours and acquaintances to help you in job search.

4. The Interview is an important part in your job search. It is important to make a good impression and to wear proper clothes. Try to keep eye contact with the key person in the meeting. It is not proper to ask about the salary at the first interview or criticize your former boss or company. It is not recommended to discuss personal problems with representative of the company. It is important to assure the company representatives that you are the right person for the position.

Пояснения к тексту

to draw – составлять (документ)

employment agency – агенство по трудоустройству

recruitment agency – агенство по набору персонала

credentials – документы

salary – заработная плата (служащих)

VII. Прочитайте текст еще раз. Из приведенных вариантов ответа укажите номер предложения, содержащего правильный ответ на поставленный вопрос.

Why is an interview so important?

1. It helps you to find a new job.

2. It helps you to demonstrate your new clothes.

3. It helps you to discuss your personal problems with the representative of the company.

ВАРИАНТ 5

I. Перепишите следующие предложения, определите в каждом из них видо-временную форму и залог глагола-сказуемого. Переведите предложения на русский язык (см. Образец выполнения 1)

1. Our luggage was examined by the customs officers yesterday.

2 The goods have not been delivered at the port yet.

3. The goods are exported to different countries.

4. The draft contract was being prepared when the customer proposed some alterations.

II. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их на русский язык, обращая внимание на разные значения one, it that (см.образец выполнения 2).

1.One must know how to handle this machine tool..

2. It is urgent to recover the national industry.

3. The price of gold is higher than that of copper.

Ш. Перепишите предложения и переведите их на русский язык, обращая внимание на разные значения глаголовto be, to have, to do.

1. Crude oil export has increased recently.

2. According to official statements the GDP is to rise by 2% next year.

3. Some people do not know that education was free in the Soviet Union.

4. Don't talk during the lessons.

5. There weren't any vendors in trains before.

6. We'll have to accept new household expenses.

IV. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их на русский язык, обращая внимание на бессоюзное подчинение (см. Образец выполнения 3).

1. We are surprised the sales manager hasn't come to the meeting.

2. They say advertising takes too much time on TV.

V. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их на русский язык, обращая внимание на функцию инфинитива.

1. To sell more is the only task of this company.

2 We have no intention to order these goods as they are of low quality.

3 They came here to study English.

4. The test is to be written in class.

VI. Прочитайте и устно переведите c 1-й пo 4-й абзацы текста. Перепишите и письменно переведите 1,3,4 абзацы текста.