I. Pre-reading task. Suggest an idea for reading the text

Suggest an idea for reading the text. What is the significance of contracts in foreign trade?

II. Read the text to fulfill the tasks

1. Definitions of contracts.In our daily associations and activities, we all make agreements; some are social in nature and others commit us financially.

Contracts are agreements which create legal obligations and are enforceable in a court of law.

In civil law, the contract is the basic legal concept, the foundation of all legal relationships. Every one of our daily acts creates, in some way, a legal obligation.

When we arise in the early morning of a winter day, turn on the light or the radio, we are a party to a contract with the electric company. It makes the electric current available to us and we pay for the amount that we use.

When our newspaper is delivered in the morning, we are purchasers under a contract.

These are trivial, unimportant contracts and don’t cost much. How about some of our more important transactions – buying a car, a washing machine, a house? Do we understand the principles which underlie our actions? Do we know the obligations we incur and the rights and privileges that we acquire?

More important, in making a contract, are we certain that it is as binding on the other side as it is on us?

In terms of law, a contract is a mutual obligation between two people with a mutual right by either to demand its performance. The breach of this right, the failure to perform that promise, creates in the other person the right to relief and redress in a court of law.

3. Types of contracts.A “unilateral” contract is a promise of commitment made by one party conditioned upon the performance of an act by the other. The contract does not become binding until the act is performed.

Illustration: “I promise to pay you a commission, if you will get me a buyer for my car.” When the person to whom the promise is made brings a willing buyer for the car, he has earned his commission.

A “bilateral” contract is created when mutual promises are exchanged by both parties to the transaction. The failure by either party to perform his part of the contract in accordance with his promise may subject him to damages which result from the breach of the contract.

Illustration: “I promise to pay you 15 cents a gallon for 300 gallons of fuel oil, if you will promise to deliver it tomorrow morning”. “I’ll deliver it”.

An “executory” contract is one which is not fully performed. It has been partly performed but something still has to be done by either or both of the contracting parties.

An “executed” contract is one which has been fully performed by both sides. There is nothing further to be done. The transaction is complete.

Illustration: The 300 gallons are delivered in the morning as promised and the buyer pays in accordance with his agreement.

A “void” contract is one which is not legally enforceable and is not binding on either of the parties. The expression “null and void”, so often used, is redundant. It actually means “non-existent and not enforceable”.

Illustration: Contracts which are illegal in scope and in purpose are void and unenforceable.

A “voidable” contract is one which is valid, binding and enforceable. However, there is a right available to one or, in some instances, to both of the parties to avoid responsibility of performance. It may thus be enforceable against one of the parties but not against the other.

Illustration: A contract made with a “minor”, also known as an “infant”, a person legally under age, is enforceable by him against the other, the adult. Under certain circumstances, the minor may renege on his contract and demand the return of the money he paid. Of course, if he seeks to enforce the contract against the adult he cannot then disaffirm.

An “express” contract is one in which all of the terms are agreed upon by the parties and are specifically set forth in detail, as in a writing.

Illustration: A lease or insurance policy is a good example of an express contract.

An “implied” contract is one which is created by law, imposed upon the parties because of their behaviour, despite the fact that they had no actual or express agreement. A contract will be implied because of the particular relationship of the parties. A husband is obligated to support his wife, parents – to support and care for their infant children.