Participle clauses: contrast, reason, result, time.
1. Match the sentences with the explanations.
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1. Although I understand your problem with the net, I can’t help you, I don’t have time. =
While/in spite of/ despite understanding your problem, I can’t help you, I don’t have time.
| a. Past participle clause (having + past participle) in place of clauses of reason in the present perfect or past simple.
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2. He told her about new model of the computer they’d planned to buy and so he ruined the surprise for her. = He told her about new model of the computer they’d planned to buy, ruining the surprise for her.
| b. After, before, since, while, on are used in participle clause to show actions happen at the same time or different time.
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3. We decided to use different forms of multimedia because we want to send our ad messages to a great amount of people. = Deciding to use different forms of multimedia because we want to send our ad messages to a great amount of people.
| c. To emphasise that one action happened before another, past participle (having + past participle) is used at the beginning of the sentence.
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4. As he’s worked with the program for a long time, he can work wonders. = Having worked with the program for a long time, he can work wonders.
| d. While, in spite of, despite are used to introduce present participle clauses in place of contrast or concession clauses.
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5. When I tried the program for the first time, I didn’t like it. = On trying the program for the first time, I didn’t like it. (same time) I studied all the applications and then I did the work much quicker. = After studying all the applications and then I did the work much quicker.
| e. Present participle clauses in place of clauses of result.
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6. I’ve made all downloads and was ready to work. = Having made all downloads I was ready to work.
| f. Present participle clauses in place of clauses of reason.
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