Exercise 54 Comment on the sentences given below. Explain the points of difference.

A. 1. Bob must have failed the exam. He has been working by fits and starts^*. 2. Bob may have failed the examination. He never impressed me as a bright boy. 3. Bob can’t have failed the examination. He’s quite at home in English. 4. Bob couldn’t have possibly failed the examination. He’s such a conscientious student.

B. 1. They couldn’t have gone to Sochi by sea! She’s a poor sailor. 2. They should have gone to Sochi by sea. It was easy to get accommodation. 3. They may have gone there by sea. Perhaps they made reservation in proper time. 4. They can’t have gone to Sochi by sea. The season is in full swing and it is impossible to book a passage.

C. 1. Jane can’t have been detained at school. We left together an hour ago. 2. Jane may have been detained at school. She often has to stay behind after classes. 3. Jane couldn’t have been detained at school. I believe I was the last to leave. 4. Jane ought to have been detained at school. The teacher wanted the class to help him prepare things for the party.

^*by fits and starts – уривками

Exercise 55 Write one sentence instead of the given two using the Complex Object.

Model: I saw John every day. He often spoke with his friends. – I often saw John speak with his friends. (оr: John speaking)

1. I watched the sun. It was rising. 2. I heard him. He was singing an English song. 3. We noticed a man. The man was cleaning his shoes. 4. He saw two girls. They were dancing on the stage. 5. She watched the children. They ran about and played in the garden. 6. Every night we saw our neighbour. He listened to the news. 7. John heard his daughter. She was talking loudly. 8. We saw Roger. He was crossing the square. 9. They heard their father. He played the piano every night.

Exercise 56 Rewrite sentences using the Complex Subject.

Model: It is said that he knows the subject well. – He is said to know the subject well.

1. It is believed that the expedition will return next Sunday. 2. It is supposed that the students have already submitted their term papers. 3. It was said that the performance had been a success. 4. It is supposed that the coming conference is of great importance for our work. 5. It is likely that the meeting will take place tomorrow. 6. It seems that he possesses a valuable collection of pictures. 7. It seems to me that she is seriously ill. 8. It seems to me he was tired. 9. It is known that the Gulf Stream brings warm waters to the British shores. 10. It is known that the coastline of the British Isles is irregular. 11. It is reported that great construction work is going on in their city.

ENJOY YOURSELF

Exercise 57 Read the quotations given below. Write a paragraph in which you paraphrase the quotation, explain it through a series of supporting sentences, and make your own judgement about it. Feel free to agree or disagree with the idea.