Exercise2. Put the verbs in brackets into the gerund.

1 He gave up (gamble).2 Try to avoid (make) him angry.3 Stop (argue) and start (work).4 The children prefer (watch) TV to (read).5 I am against (make) any complaints.6 It's no use (cry) over spilt milk. {proverb)7 I suggest (hold) another meeting next week.8 He finished (speak) and sat down.9 He was fined for (drive) without lights.10 It is difficult to get used to (eat) with chopsticks.11 if you can't turn the key try (put) some oil in the lock.12 He lost no time in (get) down to work.13 You can't make an omelette without (break) eggs. (proverb)14 We are looking forward to (read) your new book.15 They escaped by (slide) down ropes made of blankets.16 They don't allow (smoke) in here.17 He is thinking of (leave) his job and (go) to America.18 After (read) this article you will give up (smoke).19 If you put your money into that business you risk (lose) every penny.20 Imagine (live) with someone who never stops (talk).21 Is there anything here worth (buy)? 22 He was accused of (leak) classified information to the press.23 You'd better consult your lawyer before (decide) to buy the property.24 I don't enjoy (go) to the dentist.25 Would you mind (put) your pet snake somewhere else?26 The hostages were rescued without a shot (be) fired.27 By (work) day and night he succeeded in (finish) the job in time.28 He has a scheme for (make) grass grow in winter.29 I don't feel like (work); what about (go) to a disco instead?30 Would you mind (write) your name and address on the back of the cheque?31 If a thing is worth (do) at all it is worth (do) well. (proverb)32I hate (borrow) money. 33 He was furious at (be) mistaken for an escaped convict. 34 After (talk) for ten minutes I succeeded in (convince) him that there was no danger. 35 I remember (read) a review of that book and (think) I'd like to get.36 As a result of (listen) at keyholes he learnt many facts which he no hesitation in (use)

to his own advantage.

Unit 5

Theme: Verbals. The participles.

See, hear, feel and sometimes listen (to), noticeand watchcan

also be followed by object + bare infinitive:

We saw him leave the house.

I heard him make arrangements for his journey.

The infinitive implies that the action is complete. / saw him change the wheel means that I saw the whole action.

Comparison of the two forms

The participle is the more generally useful as it can express both complete and incomplete actions. But the infinitive is useful when we want to emphasize that the action is complete. It is also neater than the participle when there is a succession of actions:

/ saw him enter the room, unlock a drawer, take out a document,

photograph it and put it back.

In the passive the full infinitive is used after verbs of the senses: He was heard to say that the minister had been bribed.

Catch, find, leave + object + present participle

/ caught them stealing my apples. (I found them doing this.)

If she catches you reading her diary, she'll be furious. The action expressed by the participle is always one which displeases the subject. With findthere is no feeling of displeasure:

I found him standing at the door =

I saw him standing/He was standing at the door when I arrived. With findthe object could be inanimate:

He found a tree lying across the road.

Leave can be used with a participle: / left him talking to Bob = He was talking to Bob when I left.

Go, come, spend, waste, be busy

go and comecan be followed by the participles of verbs of physical activity and the verb shop:

They are going riding/skiing/sailing. Come dancing. I'm going shopping this afternoon. (For goand comefollowed by infinitives of purpose.

spend/waste + an expression of time or money + present participle: He spends two hours (a day) travelling. He doesn’t spend much time preparing his lessons. We wasted a whole afternoon trying to repair the car. He spent a lot of money modernizing the house.

be busy + present participle: She is/was busy packing.

A present participle phrase replacing a main clause

The participle constructions in A and В below are chiefly used in written English.

A When two actions by the same subject occur simultaneously it is usually possible to express one of them by a present participle. The participle can be before or after the finite verb:

He rode away. He whistled as he went. = He rode away whistling. He holds the rope with one hand and stretches out the other to the boy in the water = Holding, the rope with one hand, he stretches etc.

В When one action is immediately followed by another by the same

subject the first action can often be expressed by a present participle. The participle must be placed first:

He opened the drawer and took out a revolver = Opening the drawer he took out a revolver. She raised the trapdoor and pointed to a flight of steps = Raising the trapdoor she pointed to a flight of steps. We take off our shoes and creep cautiously along the passage = Taking off our shoes we creep cautiously along the passage. It would seem more logical here to use the perfect participle and say Having opened, Having raised, Having taken off, but this is not necessary except when the use of the present participle might lead to ambiguity. Eating his dinner he rushed out of the house would give the impression that he left the house with his plate in his hand. Here, therefore, it would be better to say Having eaten his dinner . . .

С When the second action forms part of the first, or is a result of it, we can express the second action by a present participle: She went out, slamming the door. He fired, wounding one of the bandits.

I fell, striking my head against the door and cutting it. (Here we have three actions, the last two expressed by participles.)

The participle need not necessarily have the same subject as the first verb:

The plane crashed, its bombs exploding as it hit the ground.

A present participle phrase replacing a subordinate clause

These constructions are chiefly found in written English.

The present participle can replace as/since/because+ subject +

verb, i.e. it can help to explain the action which follows:

Knowing that he wouldn't be able to buy food on his journey he took

large supplies with him = As he knew etc.

Fearing that the police would recognize him he never went out in

daylight = As he feared etc.

Note that beingat the beginning of a sentence will normally mean 'as he is/as he was':

Being a student he was naturally interested in museums =

Because/As he was a student etc. It could not mean 'while he was a student".

The subject of the participle need not be the same as the subject of the following verb:

The day being fine, we decided to go swimming.

In cases like this the participle must follow its noun/pronoun. Being fine the day, we decided ... is incorrect, but Being athletic, Tom found the climb quite easy is all right, as Tom is the subject of both the participle and the following verb. It is possible to use two or more participles, one after the other:

Realizing that he hadn 't enough money and not wanting to borrow

from his father, he decided to pawn his watch.

Not knowing the language and having no friends in the town, he

found it hard to get work.

The perfect participle (active)

Form: having+ past participle, e.g. having done, having seen.

Use: The perfect participle emphasizes that the first action is complete before the second one starts, but is not normally necessary in combinations of this kind, except when the use of the present participle might lead to confusion. Reading the instructions, he snatched up the fire

extinguisher might give the impression that the two actions were simultaneous. Here, therefore, the perfect participle would be better:

Having read the instructions, he snatched up the fire extinguisher. The perfect participle is, however, necessary when there is an interval of time between the two actions:

Having failed twice, he didn't want to try again. It is also used when the first action covered a period of time:

Having been his own boss for such a long time, he found it hard to

accept orders from another.

The past participle (passive) and the perfect participle (passive)

Form: The past participle of regular verbs is formed by adding edor d to the

infinitive, e.g. worked, loved.

Use

1 As an adjective:

stolen money a written report fallen trees broken glass tired drivers blocked roads.

2 To form the perfect tenses/infinitives and participles and the passive voice:

he has seen to have loved it was broken

3 The past participle can replace a subject + passive verb just as the present participle can replace subject + active verb:

She enters. She is accompanied by her mother. =

She enters, accompanied by her mother.

He was aroused by the crash and leapt to his feet =

Aroused by the crash, he leapt to his feet.

The bridge had been weakened by successive storms and was no

longer safe =

Weakened by successive storms, the bridge was no longer safe or

Having been weakened etc. (see below).

As he was convinced that they were trying to poison him, he refused to

eat anything =

Convinced that they were trying to poison him, he refused to eat

anything.

С The perfect participle passive (having been+ past participle) is used when it is necessary to emphasize that the action expressed by the participle happened before the action expressed by the next verb:

Having been warned about the bandits, he left his valuables at home.

(He had been warned etc.)

Having been bitten twice, the postman refused to deliver our letters

unless we chained our dog up. (He had been bitten etc.)

Misrelated participles

A participle is considered to belong to the noun/pronoun which precedes it:

Tom, horrified at what he had done, could at first say nothing.

Romeo, believing that Juliet was dead, decided to kill himself.

A man carrying a large parcel got out of the bus. Note that the participle may be separated from its noun/pronoun by a main verb:

Jones and Smith came in, followed by their wives.

She rushed past the policeman, hoping he wouldn 't ask what she had

in her suitcase.

If there is no noun/pronoun in this position the participle is considered to belong to the subject of the following main verb:

Stunned by the blow, Peter fell heavily. (Peter had been stunned.)

Believing that he is alone, the villain expresses his thoughts aloud. If this principle is disregarded confusion results. Waiting for a bus a brick fell on my head makes it appear that the brick was waiting for a bus, which is nonsense. A participle linked in this way to the wrong noun/pronoun is said to be 'misrelated'. The above sentence should be rewritten As I was waiting for a bus a brick fell on my head. Other examples of misrelated participles:

When using this machine it must be remembered . . . Correct form:

When using this machine you must remember . . .

Believing that I was the only person who knew about this beach, the sight of someone else on it annoyed me very much. Correct form:

As I believed I was the only person etc. or

Believing that I was the only person on the beach, I was annoyed bythe sight of someone else.

Exercise1. Translate the sentences into English, using the First Participle:

1 Она слышала, как ее отец ходит взад и вперед пол террасе. 2 Строго говоря, это не совсем то, что я хотела сказать. 3 Том увидел, что в воде что-то быстро движется. 4 Приехав домой, он увидел, что его совсем не ждали. 5 Холодные лучи заходящего солнца освещали вершины деревьев. 6 Он заметил, что за ним кто-то следит и, поняв это, решил изменить свой путь. 7 Было слышно, как где-то вдалеке играла музыка. 8 Судя по тому, как ласково она на него смотрит, он ей нравится. 9 Видя, что собираются тучи, мы решили отложить прогулку. 10 Дойдя до середины, я почувствовала, что мост дрожит. 11 Было слышно, как больной стонет от боли.12 услышав шаги на пустынной улице. Она насторожилась. 13 Стараясь скрыть свое Смущение, она начала что-то торопливо рассказывать, обращаясь к своему спутнику. 14 Выйдя в сад, я увидела, что дети мирно играют, как будто ничего не случилось. 15 Я наблюдала за тем, как внимательно он читал письмо. 16 Вообще говоря, у меня нет времени, чтобы выслушивать ее нелепые истории.

Exercise2. Translate the following word-groups into English. Pay attention to the place of the Second Participle:

иллюстрированный журнал; журнал, иллюстрированный известным художником; разбитое стекло; стекло, разбитое накануне; сломанный карандаш; ветка, сломанная ветром; взволнованные голоса; дети взволнованные происшедшим; потерянный ключ; ключ, потерянный вчера; газеты, полученные из Лондона; письмо, написанное незнакомым почерком.

Unit 6

Theme: Modal verbs