Stage 3 : state the GROUND of the metaphor.

a) attitude to gladness

b) both sun and king are powerful, glorious, gate – entrance.

c) 2 separate comparisons

between brightness or clearness of the sky and a person’s rejoicing

(link between visual brightness and brightness in the sense of cheerfulness and happiness) and between dawn and birth (both are beginnings)

It is interesting to compare the degree of explicitness of an image

1) The old woman(1) is sly(3) like(4) a fox(2) - 4 elements are present

2) The old woman (1) is like (4) a fox (2)--- the GROUND is missing

3) She is a foxy (2,4) woman (1) - the relationship between 1&2 is expressed explicitly by suffix -y with the meaning “

4) The old woman(1) is a fox(2) – a two word metaphor

5) The old fox (2)deceived us – only VEHICLE is present

Complete meaning can be easily restored: The old woman is sly like a fox a deceived us.

Image may be expressed not only by means of simple comparison, but also by such tropes as METAPHOR, METONYMY, HYPERBOLE and other linguistic means.

Image borders and structure may be different as image may be expressed by one word, collocation, sentence or it may even occupy the whole chapter or even be present in the composition of the whole novel (Updike Centaur)

Image may be purely descriptive or symbolic. Symbol is a special kind of image used to express the most important notions and ideas. There are symbols of peace, friendship, faithfulness, death, victory, etc. Symbols are repeated in the text, generalizing about the most essential aspects of reality. In many works of literature setting may be simultaneously an image and a symbol (Stormy Sea, etc)

Additional functions of images are the following:

1. Emphasizing major topics and leitmotif (tenor) of a work of literature

2. Revealing motivation of the events and actions

3. Conveying emotional, evaluative and expressive attitudes

4. Embodiment of philosophic ideas

5. Embodiment of emotional experiences which can’t be expressed by words.

Example: Hemingway The Snows of Kilimanjaro

The subject of DEATH of a writer – His gangrene and ominous sinister birds feeding on carrion and watching on their victim acquire symbolic meaning. It was preceded by moral degradation of the writer.

In Aldington’s DEATH of a HERO the whole system of images shows England before the First World war – false ideals, hypocrisy, deception. There is a figurative description of the causes of war which led George to suicide.

Expressive and evaluative function of images may be demonstrated in

Example 3 (Evans possessed…)

Similarity of evaluative reaction is underlying the notion of Synesthesy – that is transfer from the sphere perceived by one organ of feeling into that of another organ, for example, from the sphere of temperature perception into that of auditory or visual perception. Synesthetic phenomena may also give rise to interesting images.