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Conjunctive Adverbs and the Relation They Indicate
CONJUNCTIVE ADVERBS & other transitional words and phrases
Conjunctive adverbs such as however, moreover, nevertheless, consequently, as a result, etc., are used to join two independent clauses (sentences). A conjunctive adverbis a word (sometimes a phrase) that shows how such sentences, sections of a paragraph, or entire paragraphs are related. They add a lot of emphasis, so don't be tempted to use them too often. Be aware that some of them sound too formal for everyday conversational English.
1. A semicolon and a comma are used when a conjunctive adverb separates two main clauses.
- Natalie loved strawberries; however, they gave her a rash.
An alternative is to make two sentences: Natalie loved strawberries. They gave her a rash, however.
NOTE: The conjunctive adverb is set off by a comma when it begins a sentence.
2. When conjunctive adverbs (transitions) are within an independent clause, they are set off by commas.
- Natalie ate strawberries, however, without a second thought.**
**NOTE:without a second thought isn't not a complete sentence, so a semicolon is not needed. Just set off the conjunctive adverb with commas.
3. Conjunctive adverbs can be often moved around in the sentence with no loss of meaning. This cannot be done with "true" conjunctions such as the coordinating conjunctions.
· Helena's car is making strange noises; therefore, she will take it to be serviced.
· Helena's car is making strange noises, so she will therefore take it to be serviced.
· Helena's car is making strange noises. She will therefore take it to be serviced.
4. When a conjunctive adverb is used as an introductory word(at the beginning of a sentence), it needs a comma after it.
Naturally, Kyle has a cosmopolitan view on many topics.
Conjunctive Adverbs and the Relation They Indicate
| To add to | To compare | To concede | To contrast |
| again, also, and, and then, besides, equally important, finally, first, further, furthermore, in addition, in the first place, last, moreover, next, second, still, too, in fact | also, in the same way, likewise, similarly | granted, naturally, of course | although, and yet, at the same time, but at the same time, despite that, even so, even though, for all that, however, in contrast, in spite of, instead, nevertheless, notwithstanding, on the contrary, on the other hand, otherwise, regardless, still, though, yet |
| To emphasize** | To summarize | ||
| certainly, indeed, in fact, of course, to be sure, I hope, naturally, after all in short, at least, remarkably, in fact, I think, it seems, in brief, clearly, I suppose, assuredly, definitely, without doubt, for all that, on the whole, in any event, importantly, certainly, naturally | all in all, altogether, as has been said, finally, in brief, in conclusion, in other words, in particular, in short, in simpler terms, in summary, on the whole, that is, therefore, to put it differently, to summarize | ||
| To show a time sequence after, after a while, afterward, again, also, and then, as long as, at last, at length, at that time, before, besides, earlier, eventually, finally, formerly, further, furthermore, in addition, in the first place, in the past, last, lately, meanwhile, moreover, next, now, presently, second, shortly, simultaneously, since, so far, soon, still, subsequently, then, thereafter, too, until, until now, when, later | To conclude an argumentconsequently, therefore, as a result, accordingly | To illustrate after all, as an illustration, even, for example, for instance, in conclusion, indeed, in fact, in other words, in short, it is true, of course, namely, specifically, that is, to illustrate, thus, truly |
**These words are also called expletives, and are closely related to conjunctive adverbs. Expletives often show no other meaning than to emphasize the sentence to which they are attached. Because of this, they do not really show a logical relationship like time or cause between ideas, so they are not exactly conjunctive adverbs. They do, however, show that the new idea is important because of what preceded it. That is why many references include them with conjunctive adverbs.
Examples and Observations:
- "Nothing can be unconditional; consequently nothing can be free."
(George Bernard Shaw)
- "You are never given a wish without also being given the power to make it come true. You may have to work for it, however."
(Richard Bach)
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