Modal Verbs

1. Fill in the blanks with can or be able in different tenses.

1. .. you stand on your head?~ I ... when I was at school but I ... now. (2nd verb negative)

2. When I've passed my driving test I ... hire a car from our local garage. 3. At the end of the month the Post Office will send him an enormous telephone bill which he ... pay. (negative)

4. I ... remember the address, (negative) ~ ... you even remember the street? (negative)

5. When the fog lifts we ... see where we are. 6. You've put too much in your rucksack; you never ... carry all that. 7 When I was a child I .. understand adults, and now that I am an adult I ... understand children, (negative, negative) 8. When you have taken your degree you ... put letters after your name? 9. Don't try to look at all the pictures in the gallery. Oth­erwise when you get home you ... remember any of them. (negative) 10. When I first went to Spain I ... read Spanish but I . . speak it. (2nd verb negative) 11. ... you type? ~ Yes, I ... type but I ... do shorthand. (2nd verb negative) 12. I'm locked in. I ... get out¹ (negative) ~ ... you squeeze between the bars? (negative) ~ No! I ..; I'm too fat. (negative) 13. He was very strong; he ... ski all day and dance all night. 14. The car plunged into the river. The driver ... get out but the passengers were drowned. 15. I was a long way from the stage I ... see all right but I ... hear very well. (2nd verb negative] 16. We .. borrow umbrellas; so we didn't get wet. 17. ... you walk or did they have to carry you? 18. I had no key so I ... lock the door, (negative) 19 I knew the town so I ... advise him where to go. 20. When the garage had repaired our car we ... continue our journey. 21. At five years old he ... read quite well. 22. When I arrived everyone was asleep. Fortunately I ... wake my sister and she let me in. 23. The swimmer was very tired but he ... reach the shore be­fore he collapsed. 24. The police were suspicious at first but I ... convince them that we were innocent. 25. ... I speak to Mr Pitt, please? ~ I'm afraid he's out at the moment ... you ring back later? 26. If you stood on my shoulders ... you reach the top of the

wall? ~ No, I'm afraid I ... (negative) 27. If I ... sang you accompany me on the piano? ~ No, I ..., I . . play the piano! (negative, negative) 28. If a letter comes for me ... you please forward it to this address? 29. She made the wall very high so that boys ... climb over it. (negative)

30. They took his passport so that he ... leave the country. (negative} 31. ... you tell me the time, please? ~ I'm afraid I ... I haven't got a watch, (negative) 32. If you had to, . . you go without food for a week? ~ I suppose I ... if I had plenty of water. 33. ... you lend me £5? No, I ... (negative) 34. They used to chain valuable books to library desks so that people ...take them away, (negative) 35. He says that he saw Clementine drowning but . . help her as he . . swim (negative, negative) 36. If you had had the right tools ... you have repaired the engine?

2. Insert the correct form of may/might except in 10 and 36, where a be allowed form is necessary.

1. It ... rain, you'd better take a coat. 2. He said that it ... rain. 3. We ... as well stay here till the weather improves. 4. ... I borrow your umbrella? 5. You ... tell me! (7 think I have a right to know.) 6. Candidates ... not bring textbooks into the examination room. 7. People convicted of an offence ... (have a right to) appeal. 8. If he knew our address he ... come and see us. 9. ... I come in? ~ Please do. 10. When he was a child he ... (they let him) do exactly as he liked.

11. I think I left my glasses in your office. You ... ask your secretary to look for them for me. (request) 12. He ... be my brother (/ admit that he is) but I don't trust him. 13. I ... never see you again. 14. He ... be on the next train. We ... as well wait. 15. If we got there early we ... get a good seat. 16. The police ... (have a right to) ask a driver to take a breath test. 17. You ought to buy now; prices ... go up. 18. I'll wait a week so that he ... have time to think it over. 19. He isn't going to eat it; I ... as well give it to the dog. 20. You ... at least read the letter. (/ think you should.) 21. You ... have written. (/ am annoyed/disappointed that you didn't.) 22. We'd better be early; there ... be a crowd. 23. Nobody knows how people first came to these islands. They . have sailed from South America on rafts. 24. You ... (have permission to) use my office.

25. He said that we ... use his office whenever we liked. 26. I don't think I'll succeed but I ... as well try. 27. You ought to go to his lectures, you ... learn some­thing. 28. If we can give him a blood transfusion we ... be able to save his life. 29. Two parallel white lines in the middle of the road mean that you ... not overtake. 30. If I bought a lottery ticket I ... win £1,000. 31. If you said that, he ... be very offended. 32. I wonder why they didn't go. ~ The weather ... have been too bad. 33. Warning: No part of this book ... be reproduced without the publisher's permission.

34. He has refused, but he ... change his mind if you asked him again. 35. ... I see your passport, please? 36. He ... (negative) drive since his accident. (They haven't let him drive.)

3. Fill the spaces in the following sentences by inserting must от the present, future, or past form of have to.

1. She ... leave home at eight every morning at present. 2. Notice in a picture gallery: Cameras, sticks and umbrellas ... be left at the desk. 3. He sees very badly; he ... wear glasses all the time. 4. I ... do all the typing at my office. 5. You ... read this book. It's really excellent.

6. The children ... play in the streets till their mothers get home from work. 7. She felt ill and ... leave early. 8. Mr Pitt ... cook his own meals. His wife is away. 9. I hadn't enough money and I ... pay by cheque. 10. I never remember his address; I always ... look it up. 11. Employer: You ... come to work in time. 12. If you go to a dentist with a private practice you ... pay him quite a lot of money. 13. Father to small son: you ... do what Mummy says. 14. My neighbour's child ... practise the piano for three hours a day. 15. Doctor: I can't come now. Caller: You ... come; he's terribly ill. 16. English children ... stay at school till the age of 16. 17. In my district there is no gas laid on. People ... use electricity for everything. 18. Notice above petrol pump: All engines ... be switched off. 19. Mother to daughter: You ... come in earlier at night. 20. The shops here don't deliver. We ... carry everything home ourselves. 21. The buses were all full; I ... get a taxi. 22. Notice beside escalators: Dogs and push chairs ... be carried. 23. "Au pair" girls usually ... do quite a lot of housework. 24. Tell her that she ... be here by six. I insist on it.

25. When a tyre is punctured the driver ... change the wheel.26. Park notice: All dogs ... be kept on leads. 27. She ... learn how to drive when her local railway station is closed.

28. Railway notice: Passengers . . cross the line by the foot­bridge. 29. I got lost and ... ask a policeman the way. 30. Farmers ... get up early. 31. If you buy that television set you ... buy a licence for it. 32. When I changed my job I ... move to another flat. 33. Waiters ... pay tax on the tips that they receive. 34. Father to son: I can't support you any longer; you ... earn your own living from now on. 35. Railway notice: Passengers ... be in possession of a ticket. 36. Whenever the dog wants to go out I ... get up and open the door.

4. Use must not or need not to fill the spaces in the following sentences.

1. You ... ring the bell; I have a key. 2. Notice in cinema: Exit doors ... be blocked during per­formances. 3. You ... drink this: it is poison. 4. We ... drive fast; we have plenty of time. 5 You ... drive fast; there is a speed limit here. 6. Candidates ... bring books into the examination room. 7. You ... write to him for he will be here tomorrow. 8 We ... make any noise or we'll wake the baby. 9. You ... bring an umbrella. It isn't going to rain. 10. You ... do all the exercise. Ten sentences will be enough. 11. We .. reheat the pie. We can eat it cold. 12. Mother to child: You ... tell lies. 13. You ... turn on the light; I can see quite well. 14. You ... strike a match; the room is full of gas. 15. You ... talk to other candidates during the exam. 16. We ... make any more sandwiches; we have plenty now. 17. You ... put salt in any of his dishes. Salt is very bad for him. 18. You ... take anything out of shop without paying for it. 19. You ... carry that parcel home yourself; the shop will send it. 20. You ... clean the windows. The window-cleaner is coming tomorrow. 21. Mother to child: You ... play with matches. 22. Church notice: Visitors ... walk about the church dur­ing a service. 23. I ... go to the shops today. There is plenty of food in the house. 24. You ... smoke in a non-smoking compartment. 25. Police notice: Cars ... be parked here. 26. We ... open the lion's cage. It is contrary to Zoo regulations. 27. You ... make your bed. The maid will do it. 28. I want this letter typed but you ... do it today. Tomorrow will do. 29. I'll lend you the money and you ... pay me back till next month. 30. We ... climb any higher; we can see very well from here. 31. You ... look under the bed. There isn't anybody there. 32. You ... ask a woman her age. It's not polite. 33. You've given me too much. ~ You ... eat it all. 34. We ... forget to shut the lift gates. 35. Mother to child: You ... interrupt when I am speaking. 36. If you want the time, pick up the receiver and dial 8081; you ... say anything.

5. Replace the words in bold type by need not/need I? etc., or a negative or interrogative have to form.

I've been invited to a wedding; but I can't go. Will it be necessary for me to send a present? Shall I have to send a present?

1. It isn't necessary for him to go in working. He has al­ready reached retiring age. (He ...) 2. Was it necessary for you to wait a long time for your bus? 3. It isn't necessary for me to water my tomato plants every day. 4. It will be necessary for them to get early when they go out to work every day. 5. We had to stop at the frontier but we were not required to open our cases.

6. It wasn't necessary to walk. He took us in his car. (We ...) 7. My employer said, "I shan't require you tomorrow." (You ... come.) 8. It is never necessary for me to work on Saturdays.

9. When I am eighteen I'll be of age. Then it won't be necessary to live at home if I don't want to. 10. New teacher to his class: It isn't necessary for you to call me "Sir"; call me "Bill". 11. Will it be necessary for us to report this accident to the police? 12. When you buy something on the instalment system you are not required to pay the whole price at once. 13. Did you know enough English to ask for your ticket? It wasn't necessary to say anything. I bought my ticket at a machine. 14. It isn't necessary to buy a licence for a bicycle in Eng land. (We ...) 15. Is it essential for you to finish tonight? 16. Is it necessary for people to go everywhere by boat in Venice? 17. Will it be necessary for me to sleep under a mosquito net? 18. Most people think that civil servants are not required to work very hard. 19. It wasn't necessary to swim. We were able to wade across. 20. It isn't necessary for you to drive me to the station. I can get a taxi.

21. Our plane was delayed so we had lunch at the airport But it wasn't necessary to pay for the lunch. The airline gave it to us. 22. Is it obligatory for us to vote? 23. When you were a child were you required to practise the piano? 24. I saw the accident but fortunately it wasn't necessary for me to give evidence as there were plenty of other witnesses.

25. Small boy to friend: It won't be necessary for you to work hard when you come to my school. The teachers aren't very strict. 26. They had plenty of time. It wasn't necessary for them to hurry. 27. Is it necessary for you to take your dog with you eve­rywhere? 28. What time was it necessary for you to leave home? 29. I brought my passport but I wasn't required to show it to anyone. 30. I missed one day of the exam. Will it be necessary for me to take the whole exam again? 31. Is it really necessary for you to practise the violin at 3 a.m.? 32. Everything was done for me. It wasn't necessary for me to do anything. 33. Are French children obliged to go to school on Saturday? 34. I was late for the opera. ~ Was it necessary for you to wait till the end of the first act before finding your seat? 35. He repaired my old watch so it wasn't necessary for me to buy a new one after all. 36. Were you required to make a speech?

6. Fill the spaces in the following sentences by using one of these forms + the perfect infinitive of the verbs in brackets.

must + perfect infinitive is used for affirmative deductions can't/couldn't + infinitive is used for negative deductions. needn't + perfect infinitive is used for a past action which Was unnecessary but was performed.

1. Did you hear me come in last night? ~ No, I ... (be) asleep. 2. I wonder who broke the wineglass; it ... (be) the cat for ^she was out all day. 3. You ... (help) him. (You helped him but he didn't need help.) 4. I had my umbrella when I came out but I haven't got it now. ~

You ... (leave) it on the bus. 5. He ... (escape) by this window because it is barred. 6. I ... (give) £10. £5 would have been enough. 7. I saw a rattlesnake near the river yesterday. ~ You ... (see) a rattlesnake. There aren't any rattlesnakes in this country. 8. He is back already. ~ He ... (start) very early. 9. He returned home with a tiger cub. ~ His wife (be) very pleased about that.

10. I bought two bottles of milk. ~ You ... (buy) milk; we have heaps in the house. 11. I phoned you at nine this morning but got no answer. ~ I'm sorry. I .. (be) in the garden. 12. I left my bicycle here and now it's gone. ~ Someone ... (borrow) it. * 13. When she woke up her watch had vanished. ~ Someone ... (steal) it while she slept. 14. I've opened another bottle. ~

You ... (do) that. We've only just started this one. 15. The machine said, "You weigh 65 kilos," and I said, "Thank you." ~ You ... (say) anything. 16. I told him to turn left and he immediately turned right! ~ He ... (understand) you. 17. Perhaps he swam across. ~ No, he ... (do) that; he can't swim. 18. Do you remember reading about it in newspapers? ~ No, I ... (be) abroad at the time. 19. He ... (walk) from here to London in two hours. It isn't possible. 20. He was very sick last night. ~ The meat we had for supper ... (be) good. 21. There was a dock strike and the liner couldn't leave port. ~ The passengers ... (be) furious. 22. We went to a restaurant and had a very good dinner for £3. ~ You ... (have) a very good dinner if you only paid £3. 23. I have just watered the roses. ~ You ... (water) them! Look, it's raining now! 24. That carpet was made entirely by hand. ~ It ... (take) a long time. 25. The door was open. ~ It ... (be) open. I had locked it myself and the key was in my pocket. 26. He said that he watered the plants every day. ~ He ... (water) them. If he had they wouldn't have died. 27. He came out of the water with little red spots all over his back. ~ He ... (be) stung by a jelly-fish. 28. We've sent for a doctor. ~

You ... (send) for him. I am perfectly well. 29. I've made two copies. ~ You ... (make) two. One would have been enough. 30. There was a terrible crash at 3 a.m. ~ That ... (be) Tom coming in from his party. 31. I had to get down the mountain in a thick fog. ~ That ... (be) very difficult.

32. I saw Ann in the library yesterday. ~ You ... (see) her; she is still abroad. 33. How did he get out of the house? He ... (come) down the stairs for they were blazing. 34. You ... (lend) him your map. He has one of his own. 35. I spoke in English, very slowly. ~ You ... (speak) slowly. He speaks English very fluently. 36. He was found unconscious at the foot of the cliff. He ... (fall) 200 metres.

7. Rewrite the sentences, using the adverbs suggested, so that they represent the equivalent situation in past time.

1. He can drive a car. (when he was eighteen) 2. I find I can understand English better than I can speak it. (when I first arrived in England) 3. I can let you have the money tomorrow, (yesterday) 4. You can persuade him to come, if anyone can. (last week) 5. My daughter can play the piano beautifully, (at one time) 6. You can see that he is bored to death, (at the party last night) 7. I can't get into the house, (because I had forgotten my key) 8. We can overhear every word our neighbours say. (in the hotel we stayed at) 9. The doctor can see you later today, (yesterday) 10. (When they asked my advice) I can suggest only one way of solving the problem. 11. I can well understand how you feel about the situation (at the time) 12. I can't get the letter translated immediately, but I could get it done by tomorrow morning, (by the following morning)

8. Replace the words in italics with a suitable form of be able to. (NB not to be able to = to be unable to)

1. If we don't book seats soon, it won't be possible for us to get into the theatre. 2. In two months' time we shall be in a position to give you the examination results. 3. The main road was under repair, but it was possible for us to take an alternative route. 4. By pretending to be ignorant of the rules, he managed to escape being punished. 5. Luckily we retraced our steps and succeeded in finding our way again. 6. It has been impossible for me to get to the bank yet, so I haven't any money. 7. May I borrow this piece of material? I'd like to have the opportunity of showing it to my wife. 8. He took a crash course in Spanish — he wanted to be in a position to speak it when he went on business to S America. 9. They bought their first house last year: previously it had been impossible for them to get a loan. 10. The student said there were a few questions he had found impossible to answer.

9. Complete the sentences.

1. If the teacher spoke a little more slowly ... 2. If the roads weren't so icy, ... 3. If you didn't live so far away, ... 4. ... if I weren't so busy. 5. If the traffic hadn't been so heavy, ... 6. ... if you had let me know earlier. 7. If we had a bit more time, ... 8. ... if we had had a bit more time.

9. If we had the right materials for the jab. 10. ... if we had had the right materials for the job.

1O. Replace the words in italics, using can or could to­gether with the words given in brackets.

Learning a foreign language isn't always easy, (sometimes difficult)

Learning a foreign language can sometimes be difficult.

1. She doesn't always remember everything, (quite forget­ful) 2. Holidays* abroad aren't necessarily expensive, (quite cheap) 3. Racial harmony isn't always easy to achieve, (difficult) 4. When I was at school, discipline wasn't generally lax. (very strict) 5. He wasn't miserable all the time, (occasionally, quite high-spirited) 6. September isn't by any means a bad month for taking a holiday in England, (wonderful) 7. Students at university don't always approve of the way their courses are run. (very critical) 8. One-way traffic systems aren't always as clear as they might be for a foreign driver, (very confusing) 9. She doesn't always look so plain, (quite pretty at times) 10. English cooking isn't necessarily bad. (in fact, excellent)

11. Replace the words in italics with a clause using may, might, or could.

1. Perhaps you will find you have made a mistake. 2. It is just conceivable that we shall get an answer to-morrow. 3. Accept his offer now. It is just possible that he will change his mind later. 4. Owing to the strike, trains will possibly be subject to delays. 5. It is possible that parents will find that they cannot un­derstand the way their children are now being taught. 6. We shall possibly find we can't get accommodation, as we haven't booked rooms. 7. Ask your bank manager. He will perhaps be able to ad­vise you better than I can. 8. Let's not wait any longer. It's possible that he won't turn up at all. 9. It is not impossible that the Government's policy will prove to be little short of disastrous.

12. Respond to the statements or questions with a sen­tence suggesting a possible explanation, using may, might, or could + the perfect infinitive of the verbs given.

1. No one is waiting at the bus stop, (may, miss) 2. He didn't come to the party last night, (might, not want) 3. No one has answered the door, (might, go out) 4. How on earth did the thief get in? (could, break) 5. Why didn't the teacher explain? (may, not know) 6. How did they know about our plans? (could, guess) 7. He didn't seem surprised when I told him. (may, already know) 8. They should have been here long before now. (may, lose) 9. I haven't seen my neighbours for over a week, (may, go) 10. Why hasn't she written to me? (could, forget)

11. I can't understand why he didn't look me up while he was down here, (may, not have)

12. It's strange that he hasn't said any more about his plans to emigrate, (might, change)

13. Rewrite the statements and questions in reported speech.

1. "You may leave work early this evening if you want to," the manager told me. 2. "You can put off making a decision for a week, but no longer," his interviewer told him. 3. "Could I see your passports, please?" the Customs officer asked. 4. "May I ask you a rather personal question?" the teacher asked the student. 5. "You can borrow my notes provided you take care of them," I told my friend. 6. "Might I see that photograph you're holding?" the police inspector asked his colleague. 7. "Cars may be parked at the rear of the building," the no­tice stated.

8. "Might I interrupt you for a moment?" the chairman asked the speaker politely. 9. "May I join you?" he asked his friend. 10. "Visitors may not take photographs inside the building," the notice stated.

14. Rewrite the sentences, using may.

Example:

Although (I am prepared to admit that) your job is very demanding, at least it isn't boring.

Your job may be very demanding, but at least it isn't boring. The work may have been difficult, but at least it was interesting.

1 Although the restaurant is expensive, the cuisine is excellent. 2. Although the method is crude, it's certainly effective. 3. Although he is badly paid, his work is very rewarding. 4. Although the book is long, you could hardly call it boring. 5. Although he is old, he isn't by any means senile.

6. Although the climb was exhausting, the view from the top made it well worth, while. 7. Although I was rude to him, I feel he had given me every justification. 8. Although he acted unwisely, he was at least trying to do something constructive. 9. Although his work has improved, it still isn't good enough. 10. Although old-age pensions have risen considerably, they

haven't kept pace with the cost of living.

15. Rewrite the sentences, using might and beginning with the word in italics.

1. Perhaps you would let me know tomorrow. 2. I wish he would be a little more tactful!

3. I think perhaps you should ask him if it is convenient be­fore you call on him. 4. Perhaps you would post this letter for me while you're out shopping. 5. I'm annoyed that you didn't warn me that the car was nearly out of petrol. 6. I think you should at least have apologized for what you said. 7. I'm irritated that he didn't try to look at the problem from my point of view.

8. I'm annoyed that she doesn't keep her room reasonably tidy.

16. Rewrite the sentences, using should or ought to.

1. The Conservatives are expected to win the next election. 2. There will probably be a lot of people at the meeting. 3. The weather forecast says it will probably be fine tomorrow. 4. Our visitors were expected to arrive long before now. 5. It probably won't be too difficult to get over the problem. 6. The meeting was expected to have finished by now. 7. The organizers of the games will probably be meeting to­morrow to try to resolve any outstanding problems. 8. We didn't expect that it would take so long to get there (It ...) 9. The new regulations probably won't affect foreigners al­ready living in this country. 10. We expect to be able to move into our new house at the end of the month.

17. Complete the responses to the statements, using must or can't, to suggest what seems to be most likely explanation.

1. His fiancée writes to him every day. She must ...2. I don't seem to have my key with me. I must have ... 3. He drives a Rolls-Royce and his wife a Mercedes. They must ... 4. No one thought he would be offered the job, but he was The person who interviewed him must have ...

5. He has no idea what the book is about. He can't have ... 6. He talks about going to the moon next year. He must ... 7. She didn't reply to his letter. She can't have ... 8. He wears glasses all the time. His eyesight can't ... 9. They haven't been on speaking terms recently. They must have ... 10. He said he would ring, but he hasn't. He must have ... 11. The last bus has already gone. It must ... than I thought. 12. I'm amazed that she married him so soon. She can't have...

18. Replace the words in italics by will or would + pres­ent infinitive. If the statements appear to indicate the speaker's annoyance, underline the modal verb to indicate that it is stressed.

1. My children love watching television. They sit for hours without saying a word.

2. He's very absent-minded. He often buys things and then leaves the shop without paying.

3. My wife persistently leaves things where other people can fall over them!

4. When we lived in the north, the water pipes used to freeze every winter, and we had to call in a plumber. 5. The chairman's main fault was that he persistently inter­rupted the speakers before they had finished. 6. I tried to refuse his invitation, but he repeatedly insisted on my coming. 7. Why do you persist in being so difficult? 8. My headmaster had great authority. Whenever he spoke, everyone used to listen attentively. 9. No wonder the house is cold! You always go out and leave the doors open! 10. In the nineteenth century, people used to go to church on Sunday as a matter of course.

19. Complete each short dialogue, using will together with one of the verbs in the list. The negative form will be needed in some cases.

seat bear do fit hold reach suit work

1. "Is your car very fast?" "Oh, yes! It ... over 180 kilometres an hour." 2. "Is that jug big enough?" "Oh, yes! It ... at least a gallon." 3. "What's wrong with that machine?" "I don't know. It simply ..." 4. "Why haven't you opened the door?" "This key ... the lock " 5. "How big is the new conference centre?" "Oh! It ... up to 5,000 people." 6. "Is that ladder long enough?" "Oh, yes! It ... up to the roof" 7. " Shall we say 7.30?" "Yes, that time ... me perfectly." 8. " Is it safe to walk on the ice?" "Oh, yes! It ... your weight easily."

20. Rewrite the sentences in direct speech, using shall, and omitting the words in brackets.

1. (He said) he could manage for the time being, but he would need some help later. 2. (The chairman pointed out that) if the price of raw ma­terials increased, they would be obliged to raise prices to offset the cost. 3. (The speaker said that) he would have more to say about that problem later. 4. (I told him) I would be writing to him again within a day or two to let him know the precise arrangements. 5. (He told his wife that) he would be working late at the office that evening. 6. (He asked if) I thought we would need to take maps with us. 7. (I said that) I wouldn't be sorry to see the end of the bad weather. 8. He assumed he would be given all the necessary infoi mation. 9. (It was my opinion that) we would never get there, at the rate we were going. 10. (He reminded me that) we would be making an earh start the following morning, so we mustn't be late to bed.

21. Explain what meaning lies behind the use of will ( '//) in the following sentences.

1. It's no good phoning him at his office. He'// be on his way home now. 2. Why will you ask such stupid questions? 3. Will you clear away the dinner things? 4. If you'll clear away the dinner things, I'll make the coffee. 5. The luggage boot will never take all those cases!

6. You'// do as you're told. 7. The meeting will begin at 6.30. 8. He can be quite obstinate, but he'// generally see sense in the end. 9. They will celebrate their fiftieth wedding anniversary next year. 10. Don't worry! I'll let you know tomorrow, without fail. 11. Ah! Here we are! This will be the restaurant they rec­ommended to us. 12. This table's too small for a dinner party. It'// only seat four in comfort.

22. Respond to the statements by giving advice or mak­ing a recommendation, using should, ought to, or 'd better with a suitable infinitive form.

Excample: I've got a toothache. — You'd better go to the dentist. He failed his exam — He should have worked harder.

1. John's terribly overweight. 2. You're always late for work! 3. Our train leaves in a few minutes. 4. Peter was involved in an accident with his car. 5. Someone's stolen my wallet!

6. The rain is coming through the roof. 7. Our tent was always getting blown down when we were &n holiday. 8. Mary got terribly sun burnt yesterday. 9. We're spending our holidays in Spain next summer. 10. This suit of mine is just about done for! 11. I've been feeling rather off colour recently. 12. We ran out of wine half way through the party. 13. John's always complaining about being underpaid. 14. We all got soaked in yesterday's downpour.

15. Let's face it. We're hopelessly lost! 16. There's ice on the roads this morning. 17. My passport expires next month. 18. I overslept again this morning. 19. There's someone knocking at the door. 20. The sink's blocked!

23. Rewrite the sentences, incorporating a clause intro­duced by that, following the verbs suggested in brackets.

1. Factory inspectors wanted new safety rules to be intro­duced, (recommend) 2. The judge wanted the court to adjourn for lunch, (order) 3. The Speaker wanted the MP to withdraw his remark, (rule) 4. The Colonel wanted his troops to attack at dawn, (decide) 5. The leader of the expedition wanted them to make a fur­ther attempt to reach the summit while the weather held, (propose) 6. Teachers wanted more nursery schools to be set up. (advocate) 7. The magistrate wanted the man to be released, (direct) 8. The police wanted members of the public not to approach the two men but to report to the nearest police station, (give instructions) 9. Shareholders wanted the board to give more detailed in­formation about profits, (demand) 10. The employers wanted the men to return to work so that negotiations could begin, (urge)

24. Join the pairs of sentences, using the conjunctions given in brackets.

1. He left the letter on the hall table. He wanted me to be sure of seeing it when I came in. (so that) 2. The two students talked in undertones. They didn't want the teacher to overhear what they were saying, (so that) 3. The police issued a warning. They wanted the public to be aware of the danger, (in order that) 4. I'm taking an umbrella. It may rain, (in case) 5. He keeps his wife's jewels in the bank. He fears the house may be burgled, (lest) 6. I don't want you to think I'm not telling the truth. I have brought two witnesses with me. (lest) 7. He sent his son to university. He wanted him to have the best possible chance of a good career, (so that) 8. I asked you to come here. I wanted you to have an oppor­tunity to explain things yourself, (so that) 9. Loudspeakers were fixed in an adjoining hall. Everyone iwould have an opportunity to hear the speech, (so that) 10. I'll give you my telephone number. You may want to get in touch with me again, (in case)

25. Rewrite the sentences, beginning with it.

1. Quite naturally, you're upset about what's happened 2. It's incredible! We've been living in the same street for two years and have never got to know each other. 3. You missed the one talk that was worth hearing. What a pity! 4. That's curious! He asked you to come rather than me. 5. It's typical of him. He expects everyone else to do all the work. 6. Isn't it odd! They're getting married, after all they've said about marriage. 7. You have to pay so much tax. It's crazy! 8. Look over the agreement before you sign it. This is es­sential. 9. Read the instructions carefully before you start answering the questions. This is important. 10. How splendid! You'll be coming to live near us. 11. You've bought the house we once thought of buying our­selves. How interesting! 12. Emergency supplies must reach the area quickly. This is vital.

26. Complete the sentences with must, mustn't, or a suitable form of have to or have got to.

1. We ... hurry, or we'll be late. 2. "Application forms ... be returned to this office within 15 days." 3. You ... visit us again some time. 4. I can never remember people's phone numbers. I always ... look them up. 5. The car broke down, and we ... have it towed to a garage. 6. The situation has now become intolerable, and something ... be done about it immediately 7. I realize how difficult the situation is, but you ... try not to let it get you down. 8. "Visas where required ... be obtained in advance of travel to the countries concerned." 9. I'm sorry to ... tell you this, but you leave me no alternative. 10. It's not fair! I always ... do the dirty work! 11. You really ... try to be. a little more tactful. 12. No one likes ... work at the weekend. 13. Whichever party forms the next government ... probably reintroduce some sort of prices and incomes policy. 14. "Candidates ... write in ink, and ... write on one side o^f the paper only." 15. The verdict of a jury ... be unanimous: if its members are unable to reach agreement, the case ... be retried before a new, jury. 16. Fortunately, the crowd dispersed peaceably. If they hadn't, the police might ... use force. 17. We ... make the job sound too difficult, or he won't take it on. 18. He suddenly took a turn for the worse, and I ... call the doctor in the middle of the night. 19. If a similar problem crops up again, you ... report it to me at once. 20. It's a very difficult choice to ... make.

27. When you have checked your answers to the last ex­ercise, write the sentences in reported speech, using the sentence openings suggested below.

1. I pointed out that ... 2. The advertisement stipulated that ... 3. I told him ... 4. He said ...

5. We explained that ... 6. The tenants stated that ... 7. I told him ... 8 . The regulations laid down that ... 9. I said ... 10. He complained that ... 11. He told me ... 12. I agreed that ...

13. The editorial argued that ... 14. The instructions stated that ... 15. According to the book I was reading, the verdict ... 16. The newspaper reported that ... 17. I warned the others that ...

18. She told her neighbour that her husband ... 19. I made it clear to him that if ... 20. He felt ...

28. Rewrite the clauses in italics, using needn't or a suitable negative form of have to or need to. For the purpose of this exercise, assume that "obligation" is expressed with a form of have to, and that "necessity" is expressed with needn't or a form of need to.

1. It isn't necessary for us to leave so soon. The show doesn't start till eight. 2. You're not obliged to come just to please me. 3. I don't think it's necessary for us to take his threats too seriously. 4. It isn't necessary for you to decide immediately. You can let me know tomorrow.

5. It's a public holiday tomorrow, so you're not obliged to go to work. 6. You're not obliged to take my word for it. You can go and see for yourself. 7. If we get everything ready now, we shan't be obliged to rush around doing everything at the last minute. 8. If you listened more carefully, it wouldn't be necessary for me to keep repeating things just for your benefit. 9. He doesn't know what work is. He's never been obliged to earn his own living. 10. You're not obliged to do everything he tells you, are you? 11. It's hardly necessary for me to say how grateful I am for all you've done. 12. It was quite unnecessary for you to have told John any­thing. It was none of his business. 13. I shan't be able to come tomorrow, but it's unnecessary for this to make any difference to your plans. 14. He was completely at a loss. He had never been obliged to deal with such a situation before. 15. The house had just been decorated, so it wasn't neces­sary for us to do anything before we moved in. 16. They offered him the job on the strength of his letter. He wasn't even required to have an interview. 17. You were disappointed, I realize, but there was no need for you to have made such a fuss in public. 18. Unless you choose to tell him yourself, it is unnecessary for him ever to discover what happened. 19. It's unnecessary for you to be alarmed. 20. Nothing new came up at the meeting. I don't think it was necessary for me to have gone.

29. Use the perfect infinitive of the verbs in brackets with a uitable auxiliary verb.

I've never seen a London policeman. ~ You (see) one! You've been in London a week already! You must have seen one.

Note that not placed before the verb in brackets refers to the auxiliary verb: I heard their phone ringing. ~ You (not hear) there their phone ringing. They haven't got a phone.

You couldn't have heard their phone ringing.

1. Jack: I've finished. Ann: But you were only half way through when I went to bed. You (work) all night! 2. The instructions were in French. I translated them into English for him.~ You (not translate) them. He knows French. 3. Tom: What's happened to Jack? We said 7.30 and now it's 8.00 and there's no sign of him. Ann: He (forget) that we invited him. He is rather forgetful. I (telephone) him yesterday to remind him. (It was foolish of me not to telephone.) 4. Tom: Or he (get) lost. He hasn't been to this house be­fore. I (give) him directions. (I didn't give him directions, which was stupid of me.) Ann: Or he (have) a breakdown or a puncture. Tom: A puncture (not delay) him so long. 5. Ann: Or he (stop) for a drink and (get) involved in an ar­gument. Jack's arguments go on for hours! Tom: Or he (run) out of petrol. Perhaps we'd better go and look for him. 6. You (not feed) the bears! (It was foolish of you to feed them.) Now they'll be angry if the next campers don't feed them too. 7. Nobody has been in this house for a month. ~ Nonsense! Here's last Monday's paper in the wastepaper basket; somebody (be) here quite recently. 8. Two of the players spent the night before the big match at a party. ~

That was very foolish of them. They (go) to bed early. 9. He says that when walking across Kensington Gardens he was attacked by wolves. ~ He (not be attacked) by wolves. There aren't any wolves in Kensington. He (see) some Alsatian dogs and (think) they were wolves. 10. I waited from 8.00 to 8.30 under the clock and he says he waited from 8.00 to 8.30 under the clock, and we didn't see each other! ~ You (wait) under different clocks! There are two in the sta­tion, you know. 11. He set off alone a month ago and hasn't been heard of since. ~

He (fall) into a river and (be eaten) by crocodiles. ~ Or (be kidnapped) by tribesmen. ~ Or (catch) fever and (die) of it. 12. We (start) yesterday (this was the plan); but the flight was cancelled because of the fog, so we're still here, as you see. 13. Mary to Ann, who has just toiled up six flights of stairs: You (not walk) up! You (come) up in the lift. It's working now.

14. I left my car under the No Parking sign; and now it's gone. It (be) stolen! ~ Not necessarily. The police (drive) it away. 15. He had two bottles of Coke and got frightfully drunk. ~ He (not get) drunk on Coke. He (drink) gin with it. 16. He was riding a bicycle along the motorway when he was hit by the trailer of a lorry. These big lorries are very dangerous. ~ Perhaps, but Paul (not ride) a bicycle along the motorway; bicycles are not allowed. 17. I've lost one of my gloves! ~ The puppy (take) it. I saw him running by just now with something in his mouth. It (be) your glove. 18. We've run out of petrol! ~ I'm not surprised. I noticed that the tank was nearly empty when we left home. ~ You (tell) me! We (get) petrol at the last village. Now we've got a 10-mile walk! 19. If the ground hadn't been so soft the horse I backed (win) instead of coming in second. He never does very well on soft ground. 20. I've written to Paul. ~ You (not write). He's coming here tomorrow. You'll see him before he gets your letter. 21. They (build) a two-storey house (this was the original plan), but money ran out so they built a bungalow instead.

22. If the dog hadn't woken us we (not notice) the fire for several hours, and by that time it (spread) the house next door. 23. Why didn't you wait for me yesterday? ~ I waited five minutes. ~ You (wait) a little longer! 24. How did Peter get here? He (come) on a motorcycle. (This is a possibility.) ~ He (not come) on a motorcycle. He doesn't ride one. ~ He (come) as a pillion passenger. 25. (Alice, staying at a hotel for the first time, carefully washes up the early morning tea things.) Mother. You (not do) that. The hotel staff do the washing up. 26. Why are you so late? You (be) here two hours ago! 27. Mrs Smith: I've cooked scrambled eggs for Mr Jones, be­cause of his diet, and steak and onions for everyone else. Mr Jones: You (not cook) anything special for me, Mrs Smith; I'm not on diet any longer. 28. If I'd known we'd have to wait so long I (bring) a book. ~ If I'd known it was going to be so cold I (not come) at all!

29. Tom (looking out of the window): Fortunately that teapot didn't hit anyone, but you (not throw) it out of the window, Ann! You (kill) someone. 30. Look at this beautiful painting! Only a very great artist (paint) such a picture! ~ Nonsense! A child of five (paint) it with his eyes shut.

31. I wonder how the fire started. ~ Oh, someone (drop) a lighted cigarette. Or it (be) an electri­cal fault. ~ 32. You don't think it (be started) deliberately? ~ Well, I suppose it (be). (It is possible.) But who would do a thing like that? 33. There is only one set of footprints, so the kidnapper (carry) his prisoner out. He not (do) it in daylight or he (be) seen. He (wait) till dark.

34. I went with him to show him the way. ~ You (not do) that. (That wasn't necessary.) He knows the way. 35. Then an enormous man, ten feet tall, came into the ring. ~ He (not be) ten feet tall really. He (walk) on stilts. 36. He jumped out of a sixth-floor window and broke his neck. ~ You say "jumped". It (not be) an accident? ~ No. The window was too small. It (be) deliberate.

30. Use the perfect infinitive of the verbs in brackets with a suitable auxiliary verb.

1. Tom: I had my house painted recently, but when they sent in the bill I was appalled. If I'd known it was going to cost so much I (not have) it done. 2. Peter. But it's your own fault, Tom. You (ask) for an es­timate before letting them start. 3. Mother (very anxious about her son, aged ten): Where is he? He (be) here an hour ago? (It's now 5.00 and he is usually home by 4.00)

4. Friend: He (go) to the playground to watch a football match. Mother: No, if there'd been a match today he (tell) me. He always tells me all the football news. 5. Friend: His teacher (keep) him in as a punishment. Mother. She (not keep) him in for a whole hour. 6. Friend: Then he (go) to a friend's house. Mother. Yes, or he (be) knocked down crossing the street He may be lying unconscious in hospital! Friend: If that had happened the hospital (ring) you. Mother: They (not ring) me. My phone isn't working! 7. He jumped out of the aeroplane and landed unhurt! ~ You mean he parachuted down? ~ He didn't say anything about a parachute. ~ He (have) a parachute. Otherwise he (be) killed. 8. I bought a sweater at Marks and Spencer's last Sunday. ~ You (not buy) it on Sunday. Marks and Spencer's is shut on Sundays. 9. Tom's had another accident. He came out of a side road rather fast and a lorry crashed into him. ~ It sounds like Tom's fault. He (wait) till the main road was clear. 10. I wonder who carried the piano upstairs. I suppose it was Paul. ~ Paul (not carry) it by himself. Someone (help) him. 11. I was on the Circle Line and we were just leaving Pic­cadilly. ~ Then you (not be) on the Circle Line. It doesn't go through Piccadilly. You (be) on the Bakerloo Line or the Piccadilly Line. 12. The plane disappeared two weeks ago and no one knows what happened to it. ~ It (crash) into the sea. If it had crashed on land someone (report) it by now. ~ 13. But what do you think caused the plane to crash? ~ Who knows? It (blow) up. Someone (plant) a bomb on board before take-off, or one of the passengers (have) explosives with him. 14 Or someone (try) to hijack the plane. And there (be) a fight during which the plane crashed. 15. Or something (go) wrong with the engines, or it (be) a case of metal fatigue. ~ It (not be) metal fatigue because it was a brand new plane. 16. The pilot (collapse) at the controls. ~ But if that had happened the second pilot (take over). 17. Maria (new to English customs): He said, "How do you do?" so I told him about my migraine. Ann: You (not do) that. (That wasn't the right thing to do.) You (say), "How do you do?" too. 18. It was the depths of winter and we had to wait eighteen hours in an unheated station. ~ You (be) frozen by the time the train arrived. 19. I've done all the calculations. Here you are — six pages. ~ But you (not do) all that work!- We have a computer to do that sort of thing. ~ You (tell) me! Then I (not waste) all my time! 20. He failed the exam but he (pass) it. (He had the ability to pass it.} It's all his own fault; he (work) much harder during the term.

21. He's not here! Yet I locked him in and bolted the door too, so he (not possibly open) the door from inside. And he (not get) out of the window; it's too small. ~ 22. Somebody (let) him out. One of his friends (follow) you here and (slip) in when your back was turned. 23. Passenger: Fares are awful! I had to pay £2 for my ticket and £1 for the baby. Another passenger: But you (not buy) a ticket for the baby. Babies travel free. 24. Immediately after drinking the coffee I felt very sleepy and the next thing I remember is finding myself lying in the mid­dle of the road. ~ They (drug) your coffee and (dump) you there. ~ If I hadn't woken up when I did I (be run) over. ~ That (be) part of their plan. (It is possible that it was part of their plan.)

25. I found he knew all my movements for the past week. He (bribe) one of the other students to give him the informa­tion. ~ Or he (follow) you himself. ~ No, he (not do) that. (That is not possible.) I (see) him. 26. I stamped it and posted it. ~ You (not stamp) it. It was a reply-paid envelope. 27. He walked from London to Cambridge in three hours. ~ He (not do) it in that time! Someone (give) him a lift. 28. I found that everything I said on the phone had been re­ported to the police. ~ Your phone (be) tapped. 29. My ring's gone! It was on the table by the window only a minute ago! Who (take) it? ~ It (be) a magpie. There are some round here and they like shining things. A magpie (hop) in through the window and (snatch) it when you were out of the room. (This is possible.) 30. I had to walk home» yesterday: I had no money for my fare. ~

You (tell) me! I (lend) you the money! 31. I (not take) a taxi. I (walk); it was only a hundred me­tres. (/ took a taxi but it wasn't necessary.) 32. The shoplifter thought she was unobserved but when she got to the door a store detective stopped her. They (watch) her , on closed-circuit television. 33. When I rang the exchange and asked for the number the operator said, "You (not ring) the exchange! You (dial) the num­ber direct!" However, he put me through. 34. One moment the conjurer's handkerchief was empty and the next moment it was full of eggs! ~

He (have) the eggs up his sleeve! ~ 35. Well, I suppose he (have) eggs up his sleeve: but for his next trick he produced a bowl of goldfish out of the air. He (not have) a bowl of goldfish up his sleeve, now, could he? 36. Mary: My grandmother knew a girl whose fiance was sent to prison for twenty years. This girl (marry) any one of a dozen men because she was a real beauty, but she waited till her fiance came out of jail! Jack: She (love) him very much. Ann: She (be) an idiot!

31. Use the perfect infinitives of the verbs in brackets with the appropriate auxiliary. Phrases in bold type should not be repeated but their meaning should be expressed by auxiliary + perfect infinitive.

You (bought) bread, which was not necessary.

You needn't have bought bread.

1. To someone who was not at the party: "We had a won­derful time; you (be) there." 2. It is possible that Shakespeare (write) it. ~ Shakespeare (not write) it because events are mentioned that didn't occur till after Shakespeare's time. 3. I found this baby bird at the foot of a tree. It (fall) from a nest. 4. I used to visit her and I always wondered why she had those dreadful pictures on the walls. ~ It is possible that she (like) them. 5. During the gale, the captain was on the bridge the whole time. He (be) exhausted afterwards. 6. You (send) a telegram, which was quite unnecessary; a letter would have done. 7. You (leave) a note. (It was very inconsiderate of you not to do so.) 8. Somebody phoned at lunchtime but I couldn't catch the name. ~ It (be) my brother. He sometimes rings me up then. 9. The lecturer was a tall man with white hair. ~

Then it (not be) Dr Fell because he is short and fat. It (be) Dr Jones; I think he is thin. 10. You (not go) out yesterday without a coat. No wonder you caught cold. 11. I saw them in the street but they didn't stop to speak to me. ~ It is possible that they (be) in a hurry. 12. They (be) married next week but now they have quar­relled and the wedding has been cancelled. 13. If we hadn't had this puncture we certainly (be) home by now. 14. You (carry) the dog, which was unnecessary. He can walk very well. 15. People were waiting but the bus didn't stop. ~ It is possible that it (be) full. 16. We went sailing on a lake in a London park. I think it was the Round Pond. ~ It (not be) the Round Pond. There are only toy boats there. It (be) the Serpentine. 17. Look, there's a tree right across the road! ~ So there is. It (be) blown down by the gale last night. 18. This building (be) finished by the end of last year (this was the plan), but there have been so many strikes that it isn't finished yet. 19. But for the fog they (reach) the top next day.

20. You (cross) the road by the subway, (but you didn't) 21. It is a pity you (not bring) your kite. It is just the day for kites. 22. It is possible that I (be) mistaken. 23. I sat on a seat in the park and now my coat is covered in green stripes. ~ The paint (be) wet. 24. I suppose it was Charles who left the kitchen in such a mess. ~ No, it (not be) Charles. He never has a meal in. It (be) Bill. 25. I know she was in because I heard her radio, but she didn't open the door. ~

Possibly she (not hear) the bell. 26. If you had told me that you were in London I (put) you up. (This would have been possible.) 27. If they had gone any further they (fall) over a precipice.

28. He (check) that his brakes were working properly, (but he didn't) 29. You (apologize), which was not necessary. 30. I can't think why they didn't try to help him. ~ It is possible that they (not realize) that he was drowning. 31. He (thanks) us. (We are offended that he didn't.)

32. I (go) on Tuesday (this was the plan). But on Tuesday I had a terrible cold so I decided to wait till Wednesday.

32. Choose between must and should in the following sentences.

1. Henry was deported for having an expired visa. He ...... (have) his visa renewed. 2. Julietta was absent for the first time yesterday. She ... (be) sick. 3. The photos are black. The X rays at the airport ... (damage) them. 4. Blanke got a parking ticket. She ... (park) (negative) in a reserved spot, since she had no permit. 5. Carmencita did very well on the exam. She ... (study) very hard. 6. Jeanette did very badly on the exam. She ... (study) harder.

7. German called us as soon as his wife had her baby. He ... (be) very proud. 8. Eve had to pay $5.00 because she wrote a bad check. She ... (deposit) her money before she wrote a check. 9. John isn't here yet. He ... (forget) about our meeting. 10. Alexis failed the exam. He ... (study) (negative) enough.

33. Choose the correct answer in each of the following sentences according to meaning and tense.

1. If I had a bicycle, (I would/I will) ride it every day. 2. George (would have gone/would go) on a trip to Chicago if he had had time. 3. Marcela didn't come to class yesterday. She (will have/had/may have had) an accident. 4. John didn't do his homework, so the teacher became very angry. 5. Sharon was supposed to be home at nine o'clock. She (must forget/must have forgotten) about our meeting. 6. Where do you think Juan is today? I have no idea. He (should have slept/may have slept) late. 7. George missed class today. He (might have had/might had had) an accident. 8. Robert arrived without his book. He (could have lost/would have lost) it. 9. Thomas received a warning for speeding. He (should have driven/ shouldn't have driven) so fast. 10. Henry's car stopped on the highway. It (may run/ may have run) out of gas.

34. Fill in the blanks.