Vocabulary practice. 1. Match up the words that are opposite in meaning.

1. Match up the words that are opposite in meaning.

sequential parallel algorithm

downside problem

to focus written

solution advantage

to deposit to distract

linear algorithm random

verbal to withdraw

2. Fill in the blanks choosing from the variants given.

1. During … execution,the computer performs each instruction in the order it appears – the first instruction in the program is executed first, then the second instruction, and so on, to the last instruction in the program.

a) random b) sequential c) direct d) reverse

2. The main ... of procedural paradigm is that it forces programmers to view problems as a series of steps, whereas some problems might better be visualized as interacting objects or as interrelated words, concepts, and ideas.

a) benefit b) advantage c) drawback d) downside

3. The fact that algorithms are usually written in a format that is not specific to a particular programming language allows you … on formulating a correct algorithm.

a) to concentrate b) to focus c) to distract

4. The traditional approach to programming uses a procedural paradigm to conceptualize the … a problem as a sequence of steps.

a) problem b) decision c) solution

5. The algorithm for calculating checking account balances is the same, regardless of the amounts … and.... .

a) invested, placed, deposited b) drawn out, withdrawn, taken away

6. Procedural languages are well suited for problems that can be easily solved with … algorithm.

a) chain b) linear c) parallel

7. For complex programs, a walkthrough might consist of a... presentation to a group of programmers who can help identify logical errors in the algorithm and suggest ways to make the algorithm more efficient.

a) written b) graphical c) verbal

3. Make three-word combinations using the words in columns and then fill in the gaps in the following sentences.

A: selection B: account C: instruction

self step-by-step algorithm

software computer balances

standardized development language

checking control process

linear contained structure

1. The procedural approach is best suited for problems that can be solved by following a … .

2. A …, also referred to as a “decision structure” or “branch”, tells a computer what to do, based on whether a condition is true or false.

3. The first widely used …, FORTRAN, with its procedural paradigm set the pattern for other popular procedural languages.

4. In banking industry, the algorithm for calculating … is the same.

5. A program written in a procedural language typically consists of ... in a sequence that indicates how a task is to be performed or a problem is to be solved.

6. The algorithm is coded into instructions written in a programming language which a computer can implement in a later phase of the … .

4. Fill in the gaps in the text.

Languages such as COBOL and FORTRAN support a traditional approach to programming called the ___ paradigm, which is based on a step-by-step ___. Procedural languages provide a variety of ___ structures that allow programmers to specify the order of program execution. A ___ control structure directs the computer to execute instructions, not coded as a simple succession of steps. A ___ control provides a choice of paths, based on whether a condition is true or false. A ___ control, or “loop”, repeats one or more instructions until a certain condition is met. Procedural languages produce programs that run quickly and use ___ resources efficiently.

Speaking. Discuss the following questions.

1. What is proceduralprogramming?

2. What is an algorithm?

3. How do you write an algorithm?

4. What is the best way to express an algorithm?

5. How do you know if your algorithm is correct?

6. In what order does a computer perform program instructions?

7. Can the computer make decisions while it executes a program?

8. What are the most popular procedural languages?

9. What kinds of problems are best suited to the procedural approach?

10. What are the advantages and disadvantages of the procedural paradigm?

Text C

Reading. Read the text and try to guess the meaning of the words in bold. Check your variants in the dictionary.