Shortening Year does no Harm

(Opposite view) .

by Thomas V.DiBacco.

You shouldn't judge a book by its cover or academe by the length of its semester. Sure, the academic year has been tightened in recent years, but for good reason. When I started university teaching in 1964, the school year ran* from late September to mid-June, with the fall semester interrupted by the December holidays and not completed until mid-January. Then came another break before the next semester. Semesters were shortened by extending class time and providing for independent studies planned individually between students and professors. Besides, many students needed to work to pay their tuition, and because adult learners, especially women, inundated* campuses, it made

little sense to mosey* through an academic year. A long study period before final exams went the way of the wind...Condensing the academic year doesn't mean less attention to

academics. Take a stroll around campuses today and you'll find libraries and computer labs open not only seven days a week but also into the early hors of the morning, if not 24 hours.

My biggest class this semester begins after normal working hours at 8:10 p.m. and runs 150 minutes. Weekend classes also are popular, and distance learning via cable TV provides students with another opportunity to gain academic credits at untraditional times. Because it's a long, long time from May to September, some outside observers may think that vacation is the hallmark* of higher ed* today. But many students work during the summer, blending what they learn in the classroom with real world- experience. You can call that today's version of the ivory tower*.

(Thomas V.DiBacco,

a historian at American University).

Vicabulary

to run - здесь: продолжаться, длиться;

inundated - наводненные, заполненные;

to mosey - амер. неспешно бродить, слоняться;

hallmark - отличительная черта;

ed = education - образование;

ivory tower - a place where one avoids the reality of ordinary life -

башня из слоновой кости.

Ex. Answer the questions.

1. What are the reasons for shortening school year at the University?

2. What are the cutting strategies?

3. Is the tuition at the University the same as it was 30-35 years ago?

4. What negative results will be caused by reducing the academic calendar?

Ex. These are the synonyms. Make up sentences with each word.

to shorten - сократить; to shrink (shrank, shrunk) - сжиматься, уменьшаться;

to compress - сжать; to cut (cut, cut) - сократить, урезать;

to abbreviate - сокращать; to trim - укоротить, to slice away - урезать;

to reduce - сократить; to tighten - сжать; to condense - сжать, сократить.

Ex. Match the words with their Russian equivalents.

1. expertise a/ впитывать, поглощать

2. expenses b/ совпадение

3. obvious c/ научно-исследовательская работа

4. controversial d/ отменять

5. elite e/ завершать

6. blending f/ требование

7. coincidence g/ средний

8. to interrupt h/ плата за образование

9. to complete i/ жаловаться

10. to abolish j/ прерывать

11. research k/ очевидный

12. tuition l/ противоречивый

13. to complain m/ элита

14. to absorb n/ сочетание, комбинация

15. demand o/ расходы

16. average р/ опыт

Ex. Find in the text the following expressions. Use them in the sentences below.

Match the expressions with their Russian equivalents.

1/ набор в колледж a. real world-experience

2/ всеобщее снижение строгоcти b. to save money

3/ получать зачеты c. depreciated diploma

4/ дополнительная плата d. independent studies

5/ платить за образование e. to take a stroll

6/ обесцененный диплом f. to track the trend

7/ отмечать тенденцию g. ivory tower

8/ снизить требования к диссертации h. to pay more for less

9/ увеличить объем занятий в классе i. today's version

10/ долгое время j. college enrollment

11/ практический опыт k. to fund education

12/ сэкономить деньги l. to gain academic credits

13/ платить больше за меньшееits m. to judge a book by its cover

14/ выпускные экзамены n. to extend class-time

15/ башня из слоновой кости o. to drop(lighten) thesis requirements

16/ современная версия p. extra-tuition

17/ прогуляться q. in the long run

18/ судить о книге по обложке r. overall decline in rigor

19/ самостоятельные занятия s. final exams

Ex. Translate the following sentences using the words and expressions in the text.

to pay one's tuition; tto track the trend; o judge a book by its cover;

overall decline in rigor; shortening school year; to save money; to earn a

depreciated diploma; to earn a bachelor's degree; to take exams; to

complete one's thesis; combination of..; on schedule; to trim away a class

day; to blend what they learn in the classroom with real-world experience;

student enrollment; to gain academic credits; to plan indepandent studies

individually; distance learning via cable TV.

1. ?Я планирую завершить диссертацию к середине января. 2. Многим студентам

приходится работать, чтобы оплачивать учебу. 3. Нельзя судить о книге по ее

обложке. 4. Исследователи отмечают тенденцию всеобщего снижения строгости в

американских университетах. 5. Причина сокращения школьного года означает

потытку сэкономить деньги. 6. В результате вы можете получить обесцененный

диплом. 7. Для того, чтобы получить степень бакалавра, нужно проучиться в

колледже 4 года, сдавая экзамены и получая зачеты в конце каждого семестра.

8. Мы ценим (appreciate) ваш опыт и знания. 9. Сочетание более высокой

платы за обучение и сокращенный объем занятий в классе не дает хороших

результатов. 10. Все большее число студентов не могут завершить получение

степени бакалавра за положенные срок. 11. К сожалению, они сократили

научную работу в лаборатории. 12. Многие студенты работают летом, соединяя

то, что они узнали в классе, с практическим опытом. 13. Набор студентов в

колледж увеличен. 14. Библиотки и компьютерные лаборатории открыты семь

дней в неделю, с раннего утра до позднего вечера. 15. Семестр сокращен, но

продолжительность занятий увеличена. 16. Кроме того, будут самостоятельные

занятия, планируемые индивидуально (между) студентами и преподавателями.

17. Существует также дистанционное образование, получаемое с помощью

кабельного телевидения.

Ex. Complete the chart, which summarizes the content of the article.

Give positive and negative consequences of shortening school year.

N E G A T I V E : P O S I T I V E:

Text II-C

James Meikle

Education Correspondent

Polytechnics and colleges of higher education face an effective cut in funding for students after a 17 per cent rise in intake was approved yesterday, despite an increase of only 7 per sent in real terms in state subsidies.

The plans for 84 institutions outside the university sector announced yesterday show a 33.000 increase in the number of full-time students to be supported by the government-appointed Polytechnics and Colleges Funding Council.

State subsidies limit central grants to only 186.000 of the 221.950 full-time students now in the system. The others are only worth an extra £1.675 each in fees to their institutions, instead of about £5.400, if they were grant-supported as well.

The growing demand for places has put pressure on polytechnics and colleges to pack in more "fees only" students next autumn, even though the Government will not increase its block grant to pay for these extra places.

It expects the colleges to meet the extra costs through efficiency savings. Demand for courses outside the university sector is running at record levels, with applications already up 11 per cent on last year.

But the council said standards are high and rising, despite concerns over staffing levels and accommodation. Dg Bill Stubbs, the council's chief executive said the sector was "strong, buoyant and wishing to grow".

The council estimates that the sector will get 13 per cent more money in cash terms next year, through grants or student fees, but that include government estimates or 6 per cent inflation.

Part-time and sandwich students are also set to increase significantly under the plans.

Polytechnic and college leaders have been pressing for a review of the funding system. They say they cannot economise indefinitely under a system in which 10 per cent of the council grant is won by competitive bidding for students.

The Committee of directors of Polytechnics forecast an increasing trend for polytechnics to take students living locally, to avoid building more residential accommodation.

Spokesman John Izbicki said: "If the Government really wants to double the number of students in higher education by 2015, as we do, it must take on more responsibility for funding this expansion."

"The Guardian”

Vocabulary to the Text.

Surge – резкий скачок

Face – сталкиваться

Cut – сокращение

Rise - подъем

Intake – прием студентов

Approve – одобрять

Despite – несмотря на

Increase – увеличение

In terms of – с точки зрения

Subsidies – финансирование

Institution – учреждение

Announce – объявлять

Full-time students – студенты дневного обучения

Appoint - назначать

Council – совет

Worth – стоящий

Fees – плата (за обучение)

Instead of – вместо

Demand – требование

Pressure – давление

Extra – дополнительный

Efficiency – эффективность

Saving – экономия

Application – заявление

Despite – несмотря на

Concern – тревога, беспокойство

Staffing – обеспеченность кадрами

Accommodation – жилище

Executive – администратор, руководитель

Buoyant – жизнерадостный

Estimate – оценивать

In cash – наличными

Part-time student=sandwich student –

Студенты, совмещающие учебу с работой

Revision - пересмотр

Economise – экономить

Indefinitely – до бесконечности

Bidding – добавка

Forecast – предсказывать

Trend тенденция

Avoid – избегать

Residential – жилой

Double – удвоить

Expansion - расширение

Ex. Match the phrases with their Russian equivalents.

1. Take on responsibility a/ финансирование штата

2. Rise in intake – b/ увеличивающася тенденция

3. Double the number c/ дополнительные расходы

4. Cut in funding d/ назначенный государством

5. Extra costs e/ экономить до бесконечности

6. Record level f/ удвоить число

7. State subsidies g/ брать на себя ответственность

8. Full-time student h/ сокращение финансирования

9. Government-appointed i/ рекордный уровень

10. Increasind trend j/ увеличение набора (студентов)

11. economise indefinitely k/ студент дневной формы обучения

Ex. Translate the following sentences into English.

1. Политехнические и другие вузы сталкиваются с большим сокращением финансирования, ибо прием студентов увеличился на 17%, а планируемое увеличение дотаций штата – только 7%. 2. План набора студентов дневной формы обучения в 88 учреждениях вне университетского сектора показывает увеличение на 33 тыс. человек. 3. Растущая потребность (demand for) в дополнительных местах оказывает давление на руководителей колледжей и университетов. 4. Возрастает прием студентов дневного обучения, которые будут оплачивать только обучение (pay tuition fee), не нуждаясь в проживании в общежитиии студгородка. 5. Согласно плана, увеличится и число студентовБ совмещающих учебу с работой. 6. Руководители вузов требуют пересмотра системы финансирования. 7. Они говорят, что не могут экономить до бесконечности. 8. Совет (Board) директоров политехнических вухов предсказывает тенденцию приема студентов, живущих по соседству (locally) во избежание строительства дополнительных общежитий. 9. По словам одного из спикеров, если правительство планирует удвоить прием студентов к 2015 году, оно должно взять на себя ответственность за финансирование этого расширения.

Comprehension Check.

Ex. Answer the following questions.

1. How big is the cut in funding for higher education institutions?

2. How much cash will the sector of higher education receive next year?

3. Will the number of part-time students also increase?

4. What have the colleges’ leaders been pressed for?

5. What is forecasted by the Committee of directors of polytechnics?

6.

Topics to Discuss.

1. Cut of state funding for high-education institutions.

2. “Fee only” students.

3. Part-time students.

Text II-D

U.S. Plans Fellowships for Graduate Students.

The prize was a fellowship for up to two years of graduate or professional study in (he United Slates. Last week in Moscow. more than 1 000 you at Russians turned out to pick up application forms on the first day they were available.

Next l60 successful applicants all of them citizens of Russia or other former republics or the Soviet Union, will be on U.S. campuses as members of the first class of Benjamin Franklin Fellows.

The details of the program. which has won $7-million in support from Congress for each of its first two years. were announced here by the United States Information Agency which is co-ordinating the project

The fellowships will be awarded fur graduate study in business administration , economics law and public administra­tion. A candidate must be under 40 years or age a college (graduate. fluent in English, and a citizen of Armenia, Azerbaijan, Be­larus, Estonia, Georgia. Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia. Lithuania, Moldova, Russia. Tajikistan Turkmenistan. Ukraine, or Uzbekistan* All 15 countries will be repre­sented in the program. the the fellowship will be distributed across the region and among the four fields of study.

The program was made possible by legislation sponsored by Sen. George Mitchel, Democrat of Maine, and other mem­bers of Congress and incorporated in the U.S. Will Award New Fellowships for Graduate Work

This represents an intelligent investment on the ran of the U.S. in building democratic institutions in the whole region said Dan Davidson, a professor of Russian at Bryn Mawr College and executive director of (he American Council of Teachers of Russian-American Council for Collaboration in Education and Language Study group is one of four U.S. .Academic Exchange organization elected to administer the program Thee others are the Institutions of International Education, the International Research and Exchanges Board. and the Soros’ Foundation

"Franklin Fellows will bring back to their home countries the benefits of latest American training,” added Mr. Davidson "Many will assure leadership role upon their return home. Its future policy make is in local and national governments, education in the emerging private sector

Mr. Davidson said he expected there would be 20.00O applicants for the 160 fellowship and about 2.000 would be asked to submit to academic and English Language testing. Franklin Fellows will he selected on basis of test -scores. academic excellence. and personal interviews Mr. Davidson organization is the principal administrator lor of the program, and . with irfx. is responsible for ail all on-site recruiting interviewing testing and orientation J. William Fulbright Foreign Scholarship Board will oversee the program.

Free and Open competition

Mr. Davidson said the existence of the program would "stimulate future contacts among individuals and institutions in all the affected disciplines and contribute greatly to mutual understanding fellowship,” he said “it may be the first truly open. merit-based academic process of selection in the territories of the former Soviet Union '

At a press conference in Mos­cow to announce the new program, U.S. Ambassador Robert Strauss stressed how the winners would be selected in '"a free and open competition . Local reports of his comments helped trigger a rush at Library of Foreign Literature when applicants became available March 2. More than 1,000 students picked up forms and informa­tion about program that day"

In each of the four areas of study, fellowships will be awarded for two-year courses of study lead­ing to a degree, and for one-year, non-degree prograrm. All fellow-ships will include an 8- to 12-week internship with an academic or business organization Recipients will come (to the United Stales on J visas that will be good only for the term of their fellowship.

Avoiding a Brain Drain

Adeline C O'Connel chief of the USIA academic-exchange division under which the new program will operate said the visa restriction would overcome any con­cerns that the program would con tribute to a brain drain from Russia and other former Soviet republics.

"The program is designed to support the economic arid democratic reform in those countries,' she said, and as with all our exchanges including the Fulbright program. participant are required to go back home where they can put to use what they've learned.

“The Franklin Fellowship,” she added, was the first major U.S. government education effort in the former Soviet Union." While some graduate students had come to the United States under the Fulbright program, the numbers were never very large only two did so in 1990. for example

Ms. O'Connel said the usia hoped that American universities as well as other U. S. organizations and businesses would help support the program through tuition waivers and internships "We're hoping this will augment and enhance program she said But we are prepared the full 7-million authorized for this year and next.

Pamela Snyder, administrator of the fellowship at the American Council of Teachers of Russian, said the program would hold benefits even for those not selected. Approximately 10 candidates will be tested and interviewed each fellowship,' she said. "and the process may provide even unsuccessful candidates useful experi­ence which may contribute to their applications to other programs.

By Paul Desruisseaaux

Vocabulary

fellowship - оплаченная (фондом) стажировка; стипендия с целью прохождения стажировки;

graduate - выпускной, выпускник;

to back - поддерживать;

to aid - помогать;

fellow - человек, парень, товарищ, собрат, член научного общества;

prize - награда;

to turn out - оказываться;

to pick up - забирать;

application form - блаянк заявления;

available - доступный, возможный;

fall - осень (амер.);

applicant - претендент;

to announce - объявлять;

to award - вручать, награждать;

fluent English - свободно владеющий английским языком;

to represent - представлять;

to distribute - распространять, распределять;

legislation - здесь: закон;

to incorporate - включать;

authorization - разрешение, санкция, полномочие;

purpose - цель;

to support - поддерживать;

intelligent - здесь: интеллектуальный;

executive - исполнительный;

council - совет;

collaboration - сотрудничество;

exchange - обмен;

to administer - распоряжаться;

research - исследование;

board - совет;

benefit - выгода, польза;

training - обучение;

to assume - полагать;

to emerge - возникать, появляться;

to submit to - здесь: подвергнуться, пройти;

test scores - результаты тестов (в очках);

academic excellence - академическая успеваемость (высокая);

IREX - амер. департамент по сбору налогов, в ее функцию входит также

освобождение некоммерческих (non-for- profit) организаций от налогов;

to be responsible for - отвечать за, быть ответственным за;

on-site - на местах;

recruiting - набор;

to observe - наблюдать;

competition - состязание, конкуренция;

existence - существование;

individuals - отдельные, частные лица;

affected - затрагиваемый, относящийся к;

mutual - взаимный;

merit-based - основанный на заслугах;

selection - отбор;

to announce - объявлять;

ambassador - посол;

to stress - подчеркивать;

to trigger - здесь: обеспечить;

rush - наплыв;

o involve - включать, вовлекать, задействовать;

to run the program - вети, осуществлять программу;

to obtain - получать, достигать, добиваться;

in person - лично;

to request - запросить;

to lead (to) - привести (к);

degree - здесь: ученая степень;

to include - включать;

internship - стажировка;

recipient - получатель;

term - срок, период;

to avoid - избегать;

brain drain - утечка мозгов;

division - подразделение, отдел;

under which - согласно которому;

to operate - действовать;

restriction - ограничение;

to overcome - преодолевать;

concern - забота, тревога, беспокойство;

to contribute - вкладывать;

designed - предназначенный (для);

to support - поддерживать;

exchange - обмен;

to require - требовать(ся);

to add - добавлять;

while - в то время как;

to augment - увеличивать(ся);

to enhance - увеличивать, повышать, усиливать;

to authorize - здесь: выделять, предназначать;

to provide - обеспечивать.

Ex. Match the phrases with their Russian equivalents:

1. application form a/ на основании результатов тестов

2. fluent in English b/ исполнительный директор

3. field of study c/ нарождающийся частный сектор

4. the legislation's purpose d/ бланк заявки/заявления

5. executive director e/ свободно владеющий английским

6. council for collaboration f/ сфера исследование

7. visa restrictions g/ все затрагиваемые дисциплины (науки)

8. policy maker h/ визовые ограничения

9. national government i/ совет по сотрудничеству

10. emerging private sector j/ госслужащие, консультирующие студентов

11. research and exchanges board k/ набор на местах

12. on the basis of test scores l/ основанный на заслугах

13. academic excellence m/ цель данного закона

14. on-site recruiting n/ политик

15. all the affected disciplines o/ правительство страны

16. merit-based p/ успешная успеваемость

17. student-counseling officers q/ совет по научным обменам

Ex. Match the phrases with their Russian equivalents:

1. to get in person a/ распространять по всему региону

2. to oversee the program b/ способствовать демократичечкому развитию

2. to be responsible for c/ поддержать программу

4. to administer the program d/ отвечать за

5. to support the democratic development e/ руководить программой

6. to award fellowships f/ наблюдать за программой

7. to distribute across the region g/ получать лично

8. to back the program h/ вручать стипендии

Ex. Translate the following words and phrases from the text and use them in the translation below.

to stimulate contacts among the individuals; in the affected disciplines; to stress; mutual understanding; U.S. Ambassador; to be selected in a free and open competition; winner; two-year courses leading to a degree; to award fellowships; requirement; participant; to use the received knowledge in practice; former; competition winners; application form; to be available; to have an internship; campus; as B.Franklin Fellows; next fall; applicant; to complete; for graduate study in economics; to back; to aid; to support; to distribute across the region; democratic development; policy makers; to take positions; in local and national governments; fluent English; academic excellence; to promote; personal interview.

1. Конгресс поддерживает программу по оказанию помощи 160 ученым из стран бывшего Советского Союза.

2. Более 1000 молодых россиян взяли бланки заявок в первый же день, когда это стало возможно (доступно).

3. На следующую осень 160 победителей конкурса будут проходить стажировку в американских
кампусах.

4. Они будут находиться там в качестве членов ученого общества им. Бенджамина Франклина.

5. 7 млн. долларов, поступивших от Конгресса, будут направлены на поддержку этой программы.

6. .Стипендии будут вручены для завершения высшего образования в области экономики.

7. Стипендии в 4-х сферах исследования будут распределяться по всему региону.

8. Цель этой программы - содействовать развитию экономики и демократии в данных странах.

9. Многие из обучаемых вернутся домой и в качестве политиков займут ведущие позиции в местных правительствах и правительствах страны.

10. .Предполагается, что 20.000 человек будут претендовать за 160 стипендий.

11. Обязательные требования к претендентам: хорошая успеваемость, прохождение специальных тестов, свободное владение английским языком, личное интервью.

12. Согласно г-ну Дэвидсону, данная программа будет стимулировать будущие контакты среди учреждений и частных лиц в затрагиваемых областях знаний.

13. Это будет способствовать взаимопониманию между учеными многих стран.

14. Посол США подчеркнул, что победители будут отбираться путем свободного и открытого состязания.

15. В каждой из 4-х областей исследования будут вручены стипендии на двухгодичные курсы с получением ученой степени.

16. Одно из требований к участникам программы по обмену - обязательное после стажировки возвращение домой, гдe они смогут применять полученные знания на практике.

Ex. Answer the following questions

1. What is a fellowship?

2. How many fellowships will be awarded to the applicants?

3. What countries will be represented in the competition?

4. What are the four spheres to be supported?

5. What are the requirements to the applicants?

6. Due to what/who the program was made possible?

7. What is the purpose of the Foreign Relations Authorization Act?

8. What organizations will administer the program?

9. What positions will the trainees take when returning back home after the internships?

10. What will the program stimulate/promote?

11. What did the I.S.Ambassador stress when announcing this program?

12. Where are student-counseling offices opened? What is their mission?

13. What kind of visas will be given to the fellowship recipients?

14. In the whole, what is the program designed for?

15. How much money is allocated for fulfilling the program?

16. What is the length of the program?

Topic to discuss.

· FELLOWSHIP - what does it mean?

· sources of financing;

· mission;

· 4 spheres of study;

· length of internships;

· selection of applicants; requirements to them;

· their positions in future; expected results of the internships.

Grammar Exercises

Modal Verbs Can, be able (to), may, be allowed (to)

Ex 1Translate the sentences into Russian paying attention to the meaning of the verbs can and may

1. – Were is Ann?

- I’m not sure. She might be at home at this time.

2. – Who can explain how the fire started?

- Somebody might have left a burning cigarette.

3. She said I might come to see her just any time.

4. – Could this man be Zucy’s exhusband? He can’t have grown so old.

5. I’m not certain about my plans for the holiday but I may go to Germany to celebrate Christmas.

6. There might be an earthquake in this region. Nobody can tell it for sure.

7. – Can you give me a lift?

- You are welcome.

8. You can’t smoke in my office, I hate cigarettes.

9. Could you tell me the way to the airport, please?

10. Children can easily imagine different things.

11. – You could have come earlier and started typing my documents.

- Sorry, I’ve got into a traffic jam.

12. He might have been mistaken. He couldn’t have seen me there with those people.

13. She can’t have phoned him.

14. He could walk 20 kilometers a day in his youth.

Ex. 2Fill in the blanks with can or may in the correct form.

1. … ask you to do me a favour?

2. … you drive?

3. … you pass me the salt please?

4. Do you think I … borrow your umbrella for some time? It’s raining heavily.

5. A fool … ask more questions than a wise man … answer.

6. She was so happy, she … have forgiven everyone at this moment.

7. – Where is Eddy?

- He … be having business talks with his partners.

8. – What’s with telephone?

- I … not hear you at all.

9. She … not have understood you. Try to talk to her once more.

10. - … I smoke here?

- I’m afraid, you …

11. He … have constructed this device himself. He was enough knowledge and engineering for it.

12. You can’t burn the candle at both ends.

Ex. 3 Translate into Russian using can, may, to be able (to) and to be allowed (to) wherever necessary.

1. Она передала, что не сможет завтра прийти на занятия. У нее высокая температура.

2. Не могли бы Вы зайти ко мне вечером?

3. – Мне можно выходить на улицу, доктор?

- Нет, нельзя, Вы сможете выйти только через 3-4 дня.

4.Вы могли бы быть повежливее, когда разговариваете с женщиной. 5. Вы могли бы предупредить меня о том, что здесь купаться нельзя. 6. Ей разрешили не сдавать последний экзамен. 7. Не смотря на шторм, он сумел добраться до берега и без сил упал на песок. 8. Возможно, весной я поеду в Рим. 9. Неужели она не поверила ему? Не может быть, чтобы он сделал это. 10. Вряд ли после школы она будет поступать в институт. Возможно, она пойдет работать.

Ex.4 Define the meaning of the verb “must” in the sentences. Translate them into Russian.

1.You mustn’t pay attention to his strange behaviour. It’s his usual reaction to strangers. 2. I wonder why she isn’t at school today. She must be ill. 3. Don’t disturb him. He must be very tired after this trip. 4. There must be the way out of this situation but still I don’t see any. 5. She must have been studying hard to achieve such good results. 6. We must know the reason for his being late. 7. You mustn’t break the traffic rules. 8. There is no light in the house, they must be sleeping. 9. I didn’t hear the phone ring, I must have been busy. 10. I am nervous, I don’t have any news from him. I must call him and know what has happened.

Ex.5 Translate the sentences into English

1.Должно быть, она сожалеет о случившемся, но она слишком упряма для того, чтобы признать это. 2. Вы должны начать подготовку к экзамену, и чем скорее, тем лучше. 3. Я не видела его очень давно. Наверное, он куда-нибудь уехал. 4. Она не снимает трубку, должно быть, она еще спит. 5. Наверно, они долго жили во Франции. Они очень хорошо говорят по-французски. 6. Вы не должны меня бояться. Я хочу помочь вам. 7. Он, должно быть, на работе. 8. Он, должно быть, был на работе.

Ex.6 Complete the sentences justifying the form of the infinitive

1.She must be sleeping; ….. . 2. It must have been raining; …... . 3. The examination must have been difficult; ….. . 4. One must observe the rules of behaviour; ….. .5. you must be joking; ….. . 6. He must be busy; ….. . 7. The telephone must be ringing; ….. . 8. She must have overslept; ….. .

Ex.7 Translate into Russian paying attention to the meaning of the verb to have (to).

1. Pupils have to learn a lot of poems by heart. 2. Mother has to do shopping almost every day. 3. The girl had to take care of her old parents. 4. You’ll have to talk to him about it. 5. She doesn’t have to go to her office on foot any more. She’s got a driving license. 6. I didn’t have to wait for him long. He came in time. 7. He has to work for his living. 8. I’m afraid I’ll have to ask you for advice. 9. He has retired and now he doesn’t have to get up early. 10. You had to make this choice, didn’t you?

Ex.8 Translate into English using the verb to have (to) in its modal meaning.

1. Нам пришлось долго ждать врача. 2. Экзаменатору не пришлось повторять вопрос. Студент ответил сразу же. 3. Вам приходится вставать довольно рано, не так ли? 4. Ему придется переписать тест на следующей неделе. 5. Пошел дождь, нам пришлось раскрыть зонты. 6. Она была уверена в том, что ей не придется сожалеть о принятом решении. 7. Сейчас она известная актриса и ей не приходится думать о том, как свести концы с концами. 8. Почему мне пришлось снова выполнять эту работу за тебя? Ты должен был сделать ее сам и в назначенный срок.

Ex.9 Translate into Russian paying attention to the modal meaning of the verb to be (to) in the following pairs of the sentences.

1. The ambulance was to arrive in some minutes. 2. The ambulance was to have arrived in some minutes.

3. The guests were to come at 7.00. 4. The guests were to have come at 7.00.

5. The performance was to begin at 7.30. 6. The performance was to have begun at 7.30.

7. The students were to write their final tests at the end of the term. 8. The students were to have written their final tests at the end of the term.

9. The tourists were to meet near the underground station. 10. The tourists were to have meet near the underground station.

Ex.10 Translate into English

1. Студенты должны сдавать курсовые работы вовремя.

2. Я должен подготовить доклад для нашего семинара по лексикологии и теперь мне придется ходить в библиотеку каждый день.

3. – Где вы должны были встретиться?

- У входа в парк. Он, должно быть, забыл об этом.

4. Концерт известной актрисы должен был состояться вчера, но певица заболела и концерт отменили.

5. Судно должно прибыть в порт утром.

6. Секретарь должен был принести документы шефу на подпись в понедельник в 10 часов утра.

7. В армии строже правила. Солдаты должны ложиться сразу после сигнала в 11 часов вечера.

8. Я должен был посетить 5 городов во время своей поездки, но заболел и побывал только в трех.

Ex.11 Translate the sentences into Russian paying attention to the modal verbs should and ought (to).

1.You should be more careful with your health. You shouldn’t have smoked. 2. She ought not to come to the party today. She is looking exhausted. 3. We couldn’t get into the theatre because all the tickets had been sold out. We should have the tickets in advance. 4. Children shouldn’t lie in the sun to long, they will have a head ache. 5. Having examined a sick child the doctor said that the mother ought to have called him in a long time ago.
6. – Where is Ann?

- She ought to be in her room.

- Tell her please that she should remember to take her medicine.

7. He shouldn’t have spoken to her in such a rude tone. He should have apologized to her, for it. 8. Don’t argue with him, he is much older that you are, and you ought to respect his age. 9. Something ought to be done, or else the situation would go out of control. 10. What should parents do to bring up their children well?

Ex.12 Translate into English using must or should (ought to)

1.Врач должен внушать больному чувство уверенности в скором выздоровлении. 2. Учитель должен одинакова обращаться со всеми учениками. 3. Не следует принимать больше лекарств, чем это необходимо. 4. Юность должна уважать старость.

5. – Это была не моя ошибка, а его

- Мне следовало бы догадаться об этом, а тебе следовало бы сказать об этом во время.

6.Человек, когда он пав, должен быть уверен в себе и своих действиях. 7. Должно быть, вы уже обсудили этот вопрос. Я вижу, что она все знает. 8. Не следует смеяться над ошибками других, особенно, когда они случайные и не причинили большого вреда.

Ex.13 Translate the sentences into English using the verb need as in the examples ( Need)

Ex.: - Я должен туда идти? - Вам не надо было вдаваться в такие подробности

Must I go there? - You needn’t have gone into such details.

- Нет, не надо.

- No, you needn’t

1. - Мне следует побеспокоиться о билетах заранее?

- Нет, не надо.

2.Вам не нужно было покупать этот словарь. 3. Им незачем было ездить в городскую библиотеку, эти учебники есть в институтском читальном зале. 4. Я могла поспорить с ним на эту тему.

- Не надо.

5. Не надо вам было продавать велосипед сына, он мог бы покататься на нем этим летом. 6. Ей следует приехать к вам и поблагодарить за помощь?

- Нет, не надо.

Ex 14 Translate into English parts of the sentence given in brackets using modal verbs

1. The rain was so sudden that we (пришлось) take a taxi. We (следовало бы взять) umbrellas with us. 2. Every pupil (должен был прочитать) all the books from the list of obligatory literary works. 3. We have enough food at home so we (не надо) go shopping today. 4. I am not sure that somebody (сможет)to tell this news of Peter’s death to his mother. 5. Everyone (следует) take care of his parents when they become old. 6. You (можешь) take a horse to water but you (не можешь) make him drink. 7. We were lucky. The ice was very thick and we (удалось) walk on it and reach the bank of the river. 8. Soon she (разрешат) leave the hospital. She has already recovered. 9. The teacher told the students that they (должны были бы быть) more attentive at the lessons. He (должно быть был) really very angry with them because he was saying it in a resolute tone which sounded more like an order. 10. She (могла бы избежать) the unnecessary questions, but she had concealed the true facts and the policemen (не могли) believe her words and more. 11. – (Можно) I use this telephone? - (Нет, нельзя). This telephone is for business talks only. You (можете) use the telephone of my secretary. 12. She (не может быть, чтобы она забыла) our meeting. It made a deep impression on both of us.

The Subjunctive Mood. The Conditional Sentences

Ex15 Give answers to the questions. Discuss the variants

2. .Where would you like to travel?

3. In which century would you like to live? Who?

4. What would you prefer to be – a movie star, a businesswoman, a house wipe?

5. What would you do if you were alone in a desert?

6. Would you like to walk on the Moon and other planets?

7. What would you do if you were to die in a week?

8. Would you like to be a famous person?

9. 8.How would you spend your money if you were a multimillionaire?

10. What advice would you give to your child?

11. How would you like to live your life?

Ex16 Complete the following choosing a suitable word combination arom the right columm (a few variants are possible).

Example: - He would give you a different answer

- Он дал бы вам другой ответ

1. Even a child ….. not to let down one’s friends, to do

the

2. Anyone in your place ….. same, to tell the truth, to pay attention

3. Nobody in my opinion ….. to it, to find a way out of the

situation, not to share one’s

4. Only a wise man ….. opinion, to make a similar mistake

5. In similar circumstances everybody ….. to do with one’s own hands.

6. A true friend …..

7. In his place I …..

8. No doubt, she …..

Ex17 Translate into Russian paying attention to the Conditional Sentences

a)

1.We’ll leave the house when the rain stops. 2. If we hurry, we shan’t miss the last train. 3. If it does not snow tomorrow, we’ll drive to our country house. 4. If you don’t make this mistake again, she’ll probably you. 5. I’ll write to you when I have all the necessary information. 6. When you see him he’ll be pleased, I’m sure.

b)

1)If you lied to me now, I would never believe you again. 2) If I were you, I wouldn’t invest my money into this project. 3) If you were in my place, you would do the same. 4) I would be happy if you could support my idea. 5) You wouldn’t have so much trouble, if you made the right choice. 6) If you agreed to accompany the children, I could stay at home.

c)

1.If you had followed my advice, it would never have happened. 2. If the weather hadn’t been so nasty yesterday, we might have gone to our country house. 3. Henry could have helped me, if he had come on time. 4. If I hadn’t missed the train, I wouldn’t have been late for my job interview. 5. If you hadn’t called Ann, the situation would be O.K. now. 6. If he had sent the letter yesterday, you would receive it tomorrow.

Ex18 Replace the infinitives in brackets by the correct form of the Subjunctive Mood.

1. I (to go out), if I (not to be) so tired. 2. If the football team ( to play) better yesterday, they (may win). 3. As soon as he (to come) home, he (to phone) you. 4. If I (to be) you, I (not to believe) this man. 5. She (not to make) a mistake, if she (to know) the rule. 6. When he (to invite) me for a dance, I (cannot refuse) him. 7. Now it’s too late to do something. If I (to know) the situation yesterday, I (can find) the way out of it. 8. You (to be surprised) when you (to see) us at the fancy-dress ball. 9. If I (to be) in your place, I (to study) computer programming. 10. If he (to know) your address, he (to write) to you. 11. If he (to know) your address before, he (to write) to you. 12. If the students (to study) hard, they (can speak) English better. 13. But for his scar I (to recognize) him at once. 14. If the doctor (not to come), the ill man (can become) worse.

Ex19 Open the brackets using the correct form of the Subjunctive Mood

1.But for the rain we (to start) our journey earlier. 2. But for my friend’s help I (not to prepare for) the exams. 3. Nobody (to know) whole the truth about this case but for the thief’s mistake. 4. But for his long absence she (not to understand) that she loved him. 5. She (to have) a lot of friends but for her character. 6. But for the taxi he (to miss) his train. 7. But for the lack of money they (to be) happy. 8. But for this delay we (to do) the work in time. 9. He (not to fulfil) his dream but for his persistence.10. She (to feel) better in this country but for is climate.

Ex20 Translate into English following the models:

a) Model: - Жаль, что идет дождь.

- I wish it didn’t rain.

- Жаль, что Вы не поверили мне (Я бы хотел, чтобы Вы поверили мне).

- I wish you had believed me.

1. Жаль, что она бросила заниматься музыкой. 2. как бы я хотел, чтобы она поняла меня! 3. Погода была прекрасная и я пожалел, что остался дома. 4. Жаль, что я это сделала. 5. Он жалел, что не свободен и не может присоединиться к нам. 6. Как бы я хотел быть на твоем месте! 7. Жаль, что я не богат и не могу помочь Вам. 8. Жаль, что идет сильный снег.

b) Model: - Она настаивала на том, чтобы дети смогли спать.

- She insisted that children should go to bet.

1. Ему очень хотелось (to be anxious), чтобы я остался обедать. 2. Она предложила мне (to suggest), чтобы мы вместе пошли в театр. 3. Агент предложил (to propose) нам, чтобы мы пришли в его офис утром. 4. Он приказал (to order) своим служащим, чтобы все приготовления были закончены к 4 часам. 5. Мы пожелали (to desire), чтобы заказ был принесен к нам домой. 6. Родители настаивали (to insist) на том, чтобы их дочь занималась музыкой.

Ex21 Open the brackets paying attention to the Present Indefinite after the conjunctions.

1. I’ll stay with the sick child until the doctor (to arrive). 2. As soon as I (to see) him, I’ll ask him to get in touch with you. 3. I shan’t forget his words as long as I (to live). 4. You won’t know English unless you (to work) hard. 5. As soon as the rain (you stop), the tourists (can leave) their shelter. 6. I won’t be able to do this work unless somebody helps me. 7. In case I (not to find) her at home, I’ll her a note. 8. I’ll accept this invitation provided you (to accompany) me. 9. She will try to settle the matter before her family (to know) the truth. 10. I’ll watch the children while you (to step).

Ex 22 Translate into English using the Subjunctive Mood.

1. Если бы он нам не помог, мы бы не сделал эту работу вовремя. 2. Зря я съел так много за обедом. 3. Если бы у нее было с собой достаточно денег, она бы купила подарок сыну сегодня, 4. Боюсь, я забуду твой номер телефона, если не запишу его. 5. Если бы не твоя забота обо мне, мне было бы очень трудно. 6. Жаль, что она такая рассеянная! 7. Я сидел в самом конце зала и ничего не слышал. Если бы я сел поближе, я бы услышал докладчика. 8. Если бы я был на Вашем месте, я бы больше времени проводил на открытом воздухе. 9. Если меня не задержит начальник, я вернусь домой вовремя. 10. В случае, если пойдет дождь, я останусь дома. 11. Я не смог бы поговорить с ним об этом, даже если бы я видел его вчера. 12. Жаль, что я еще не могу читать английские книги в оригинале.13. Необходимо, чтобы Вы пришли вовремя. 14. Когда он узнает правду, его отношение ко мне изменится. 15. Я бы не работала в этой фирме, если бы это меня не устраивало. 16. Мне бы хотелось быть Вам полезным. 17. Если бы он мог предупредить их об опасности, этой трагедии не случилось бы.