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Electronic engineering
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1.Translate the following definitions and memorize the terms:
| vacuum (n) - | a space from which most or all of the air, gas or other material has been removed or is not present; |
| scale (n) - | the size or level of something, especially when this is large; |
| conductor (n) - | a substance that allows heat or electricity to go through it; |
| insulator (n) - | a material or covering which electricity, heat or sound cannot go through; |
| semiconductor (n) - | a material, such as silicon, which allows electricity to move through it more easily when its temperature increases, or an electronic device made from this material; |
| current (n) - | a movement of water, air or electricity, in a particular direction; |
| resistor (n) - | a part of an electrical circuit designed to produce a particular amount of resistance to the flow of current; |
| transistor (n) - | a small electrical device containing a semiconductor, used in televisions, radios, etc. to control or increase an electric current; |
| intrinsic (adj) - | being an extremely important and basic characteristic of a person or thing; |
| capacitor (n) - | a device which collects and stores electricity, and is an important part of electronic equipment such as televisions and radios; |
| inductor (n) - | a component in an electric or electronic circuit which possesses inductance – the property of an electric conductor or circuit that causes an electromotive force to be generated by a change in the current flowing; |
| diode (n) - | a device which controls an electric current so that it can only flow in one direction; |
| circuit (n) - | a set of interconnected components; |
| solder (n, v) - | n - a soft metal that is melted in order to join together pieces of metal so that they stick together when it cools and becomes hard again; v - to join pieces of metal together using solder; |
| substrate (n) - | a material that provides the surface on which something is deposited or inscribed; |
| chip (n) - | a very small piece of semiconductor, especially in a computer, that contains extremely small electronic circuits and devices, and can perform particular operations; |
| inextricable (adj) - | unable to be separated, released or escaped from; |
| appliance (n) - | a device, machine or piece of equipment, especially an electrical one that is used in the house, such as a cooker or washing machine; |
| die (n) – | a shaped piece or mould (= hollow container) made of metal or other hard material, used to shape or put a pattern on metal or plastic; |
| nanotechnology (n) - semiconductor (n) - | technology that deals with dimensions and tolerances of less than 100 nanometers, esp. the manipulation of individual atoms and molecules; an intermediate between a metal and an insulator (germanium, silicon) that has an electrical conductivity that increases with temperature; |
| detect (v) - | to find something or discover that it is present somewhere by using equipment or making an investigation; |
| performance (n) - | the capabilities of a machine or product; manner or quality of functioning; |
| scale (n) - | a ratio of size in a map, model, drawing, or plan; an established measure or standard; |
| emit (v) - | to give off (send out) or produce heat, light, gas, etc. by means of a physical or chemical process; |
| circuitry (n) - | the design of an electrical circuit; the system of circuits used in an electronic device; |
| lithography (n) - | a method of printing in which a piece of stone or metal is specially treated so that ink sticks to some parts of it and not to others; |
| pattern (n) - | a representative sample, a model, a plan or diagram used as a guide in making something; |
| nanotube (n) - | a cylindrical molecule of a fullerene (a carbon molecule with a polyhedral structure, such as C70, C76, and C84); |
| solar cell (n) - | a photovoltaic cell that produces electricity from the sun's rays, used esp. in spacecraft; |
| amplification (n) - | the increase in strength of an electrical signal (by means of an amplifier); |
| density (n) – life-span (n) - portable (adj) - light-emitting diode (n) - | the degree to which something is filled, crowded, or occupied; the period of time during which a machine may be expected to function under normal conditions; able to be easily carried or moved, especially because being of a lighter and smaller version than usual a portable television; (LED), a semiconductor diode that glows when a voltage is applied. |
| photon (n) - | a particle representing a quantum of light or other electromagnetic radiation, carrying energy proportional to the radiation frequency but having zero rest mass; |
| particle (n) - | a minute portion of matter; |
| wave (n) - | the pattern in which some types of energy, such as sound, light and heat, are spread or carried; |
| field (n) - | the region in which a particular condition prevails, especially one in which a force or influence is effective regardless of the presence or absence of a material medium; |
| quantize (v) - | 1) (physics) form into quanta, in particular restrict the number of possible values of (a quantity) or states of (a system) so that certain variables can assume only certain discrete magnitudes. 2) (electronics) approximate (a continuously varying signal) by one whose amplitude is restricted to a prescribed set of values; |
| bound (adj) - | tied with rope, cord, string, etc.; |
| spectrum (n) - | the set of colours into which a beam of light can be separated, or a range of waves, such as light waves or radio waves; |
| ultraviolet (adj) - | (of light) having a wavelength which is after the violet (= light purple) end of the range of colours that can be seen by humans; |
| infrared (adj) - | having a wavelength just greater than that of the red end of the visible light spectrum but less than that of microwaves; |
| radiation (n) - | energy from heat or light that you cannot see; |
| detect (v) - | to notice something that is partly hidden or not clear, or to discover something, especially using a special method; |
| convert (v) - | to (cause something or someone to) change in form, character, or opinion; |
| absorb (v) - | to take something in, especially gradually; |
| internal (adj) - | existing or happening inside a person, object, organization, place or country; |
| lens (n) - | a piece of glass or other transparent material with curved sides for concentrating or dispersing light rays , used singly (as in a magnifying glass) or with other lenses (as in a telescope); |
| arbitrary (adj) - | 1) based on random choice or personal whim, rather than any reason or system; 2) (math) (of a constant or other quantity) of unspecified value; |
| fiber (n) - | 1) any of the thread-like parts which form plant or artificial material and which can be made into cloth; 2) threads when they are in a mass that can be used for making products such as cloth and rope; |
| transducer (n) - | any electronic device that changes one form of energy into another, such as a microphone, which changes sound waves into electrical signals; |
| emit (v) - | to send out a beam, noise, smell or gas. |
| acronym (n) - | a word made up from the first letters of the name of something such as an organization. For example NATO is an acronym for the North Atlantic Treaty Organization; |
| predecessor (n) - | a machine, system etc that existed before another one in a process of development; |
| oscillation (n) – | a regular movement of something from side to side or a regular change in direction of an electrical current; |
| redundancy (n) - | when something is not used because something similar or the same already exists; |
| amplifier (n) - | a piece of electrical equipment that makes sound louder or that makes something larger; |
| coherence (n) - | when parts of something are connected in a clear and reasonable way; |
| unattainable (adj) - | impossible to achieve; |
| tiny (adj ) - | extremely small; |
| launch (v) - | to suddenly start something or to send a weapon or spacecraft into the sky or into space; |
| beam(n) – | a line of light shining from the sun, a lamp etc or a line of light, energy etc that you cannot see; |
| divergence (n) - | when two things become different; |
| instantaneous (adj) - | happening immediately; |
| simultaneous (adj) - | happening at exactly the same time; |
| cavity (n) - | a hole or space inside something; |
| bounce (v) - | if light or sound bounces, it hits a surface and then moves quickly away from it; |
| transparent (adj) - | if something is transparent, you can see through it; |
| pump (v) - | to make liquid or gas move in a particular direction, using a pump or to move very quickly in and out or up and down; |
| purity (n) - | the quality or state of being clear and perfect, the state of not being mixed with anything else; |
| property (n) - | a quality or power that a substance, plant etc has; |
| enhance (v) - | intensify, increase, or further improve the quality, value, or extent of; |
| prosthesis (n) - | pleases an artificial body part, such as a limb, a heart, or a breast implant; |
| pacemaker (n) - | an artificial device for stimulating the heart muscle and regulating its contractions; |
| infusion (n) - | introduction of a liquid, such as a saline solution, into a vein or the subcutaneous tissues of the body; |
| kidney machine (n) - | an apparatus that performs the functions of the human kidney (outside the body), when one or both organs are damaged (an artificial kidney or dialysis machine); |
| joint (n) - | 1) a structure in the human or animal body at which two parts of the skeleton are fitted together (each of the distinct sections of a body or limb between the places at which they are connected); 2) a point at which parts of an artificial structure are joined |
| breakdown (n) - | a division of something into smaller parts; a list of separate parts of something; |
| issue (n) - | an important topic or problem for debate or discussion; |
| sonography (n) - | the analysis of sound using an instrument which produces a graphical representation of its component frequencies; |
| reliance (n) – intermittent (adj) - adjacent (adj) – viscosity (n) – film (n) – dilute (v) – cannula (v) - | dependence on or trust in someone or something; occurring at irregular intervals, not continuous or steady; next to or adjoining something else; the state of being thick, sticky, and semifluid in consistency, due to internal friction; a quantity expressing the magnitude of internal friction in a fluid, as measured by the force per unit area resisting uniform flow; material in the form of a thin flexible sheet, a thin layer covering a surface; make (a liquid) thinner or weaker by adding water or another solvent to it; make (something) weaker in force, content, or value by modifying it or adding other elements to it; a thin tube inserted into a vein or body cavity to administer medicine, drain off fluid, or insert a surgical instrument. |
| sophisticated (adj) - | 1) having a lot of experience of life, and good judgment about socially important things such as art, fashion; 2) a sophisticated machine, system, method etc. is very well designed and very advanced, and often works in a complicated way; |
| reliability (n) - | credibility, dependability, trustworthiness; |
| entire (adj) - | used when you mean all of a group, period of time, amount etc. = whole; |
| responsible (adj) - | having a duty to be in charge of or to look after someone or something; |
| troubleshooting (n) - | dealing and coping with serious problems; |
| intertwined (adj) - | twisted together, closely related to each other; |
| diverse (adj) - | very different from each other; having variety, assorted; |
| contrivance (n) - | a piece of equipment that has been made for a special purpose; |
| valve (n) - | 1) a part of a tube or pipe that opens and shuts like a door to control the flow of liquid, gas, air etc passing through it; 2) a closed glass tube used to control the flow of electricity in old radios, televisions etc.; |
| remotely (adv) - | from far away; |
| viscosity (n) - | thickness, stickiness; |
| capacitance (n) - | property of an insulator that allows energy to be stored due to the separation of the charge; |
| adjusting (n) - | 1) adapting to a new environment; 2) altering slightly to be accurate or suitable; |
| mount (v) - | climb up, ascend; raise; ride; get up on; establish; frame; |
| maintenance (n) - | the process of keeping a car, building, etc. in good condition; |
| implement (v) - | to take action or make changes that you have officially decided should happen, execute, carry out, perform; |
| consequence (n) - | something that happens as a result of a particular action or set of conditions; |
| approximately (adv) - | nearly, almost, but not exactly; |
| surveillance (n) - | careful observation of a person or group, supervision. |
| sonic (adj) - | relating to or using sound waves, denoting or having a speed equal to that of sound; |
| impact (n) - | the action of one object coming forcibly into contact with another, the effect or influence of one person, thing, or action, on another; |
| absorb (v) - | take in or soak up (energy, or a liquid or other substance) by chemical or physical action, typically gradually; |
| dissipate (v) - | disperse or scatter, cause (a feeling or other intangible thing) to disappear or disperse, cause (energy) to be lost, typically by converting it to heat; |
| evaluate (v) - | form an idea of the amount, number, or value of, assess; |
| accurate (adj) - | a division of something into smaller parts; a list of separate parts of something; |
| bend (v) - | shape or force (something straight) into a curve or angle; |
| sonography (n) - | the analysis of sound using an instrument that produces a graphical representation of its component frequencies; |
| assign (v) – complex (adj) – intelligible (adj) – range (n) – monitor (v) – solid (n) – surface (v) – emit (v) - | allocate, designate or set (something) aside for a specific purpose, attribute something as belonging to; consisting of many different and connected parts, not easy to analyze or understand; complicated or intricate; able to be understood; comprehensible; the area of variation between upper and lower limits on a particular scale; observe and check the progress or quality of (something) over a period of time, keep under systematic review; a substance or object that is hard rather than liquid or fluid, an object that has a height, width and length, and is not flat; the outside part or uppermost layer of something (often used when describing its texture, form, or extent); produce or discharge (something, especially gas or radiation) and send it out by means of a physical or chemical process. |
| signal (n) – | a variable parameter, such as a current or electromagnetic wave, by which information is conveyed through an electronic circuit, communications system, etc; the information so conveyed; |
| process (v) – | to treat or prepare by a special method; |
| sequence (n) – | a particular order in which related events, movements, or things follow each other; |
| array (n) – | an ordered arrangement; |
| discrete (adj) – | individually separate and distinct; |
| convert (v) – | cause to change in form, character, or function; |
| correlation (n) – | a mutual relationship or connection between two or more things; |
| quantization (n) – | the procedure of constraining something from a relatively large or continuous set of values to a relatively small discrete set; |
| approximate (v) – | to come or bring near or close; be almost the same (as); to find an expression for (some quantity) accurate to a specified degree; |
| sample (n) – | a small part of anything, intended as representative of the whole; |
| theorem (n) – | general proposition not self-evident but proved by a chain of reasoning; a truth established by means of accepted truths; |
| bandwidth (n) – | a range of frequencies within a given band, in particular; the range of frequencies used for transmitting a signal; |
| complex (adj) – | consisting of many different and connected parts; not easy to analyze or understand; intricate; |
| domain (n) – | a particular field of thought, activity, or interest, especially one over which someone has control, influence, or rights; |
| partition (v) – | the action or state of dividing or being divided into parts; |
| frequency (n) – | the number of times that a periodic function or vibration repeats itself in a specified time, often 1 second; |
| value (n) – | the numerical amount denoted by an algebraic term; a magnitude, quantity, or number. |
2. Match the following words with their synonyms (A, B) and Russian equivalents (C, D):
3. Match the following words with their equivalents in Russian:
| chipset circuitry pacemaker scale semiconductor one-dimensional ultradense Incandescent light bulb flexible performance embedded leading-edge | масштаб лампа накаливания производительность одномерный встроенный передовой, новаторский микропроцессорный набор (набор микросхем) кардиостимулятор гибкий, гнущийся компоновка схем (схематика) сверхплотный полупроводник |
| A A | B | C |
| Planck parallel-plate gamma optical atomic-scale signal quantum internal illuminated light-emitting | display diode processing resistance realm objects rays capacitors constant waveguide | плоские конденсаторы гамма-лучи объекты атомного масштаба обработка сигналов оптический волновод квант действия (постоянная Планка) квантовая область внутреннее сопротивление дисплей с подсветкой светодиод |
| A | B | C |
| health deliver overcome artificial PhD degree draw taxonomic health meet enhance steady equipment lubricating subcutaneous | disabilities influence care needs technology increase issues properties holder insertion capabilities sophistication joint breakdown | искусственный сустав испытывать влияние обладатель степени доктора философии подкожное введение постоянное увеличение преодолеть нетрудоспособность применять технологии проблемы со здоровьем здравоохранение расширить возможности смазочные свойства таксономическая классификация удовлетворять потребностям усовершенствование оборудования |
| A | B | С |
| automated maintenance measurement handheld smoke circuit physical chemical control better | data detector quality board parameters properties control device breaker costs | результаты измерений физические показатели улучшенное качество пульт управления химические свойства автоматизированное управление эксплуатационные расходы предохранитель наладонное устройство датчик дыма |
| A | B | С |
| noise buffer sound audible enclosed fundamental outdoor SONAR medical live | sound environment equipment imaging wave zone range space barrier concept | шумозаградитель буферная зона звуковая волна спектр слышимых частот (зона слышимости) замкнутое пространство фундаментальное понятие наружная (внешняя) среда гидроакустическая аппаратура рентгено(томо)графия |
| A | B | C |
| spectral analog finite sampling infinite error DSP sensor speech sound limited data | algorithm array recognition detection frequency reinforcement estimation bandwidth compression set number signal | сжатие данных выявление ошибок конечное множество спектральный анализ бесконечное число частота дискретизации аналоговый сигнал алгоритм цифровой обработки сигналов распознавание речи усиление звука матрица датчиков ограниченная полоса пропускания |
4. Match the words to make word combinations:
| electron vacuum photolithographic integrated parasitic semiconductor inextricable discrete cellular gallium | effects components materials arsenide part phone flow circuit techniques tube | поток электронов электронная лампа методы фотолитографии интегральная микросхема паразитные эффекты полупроводниковые материалы неотделимая часть дискретные компоненты сотовый телефон арсенид галлия |
| A | B | A | B |
| keep generate enable emit feature store span | a great performance a promise light a new approach terabytes of data electricity different fields | make waste conduct offer synthesize detect construct | nanowires a molecular level transistor energy concentration a solution a difference the electricity |
5. Add a suitable verb suffix to the following stems and group the words formed according to their meanings modified by the suffixes. Translate the words into Russian:
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