Ñòóäîïåäèÿ

ÊÀÒÅÃÎÐÈÈ:

ÀñòðîíîìèÿÁèîëîãèÿÃåîãðàôèÿÄðóãèå ÿçûêèÄðóãîåÈíôîðìàòèêàÈñòîðèÿÊóëüòóðàËèòåðàòóðàËîãèêàÌàòåìàòèêàÌåäèöèíàÌåõàíèêàÎáðàçîâàíèåÎõðàíà òðóäàÏåäàãîãèêàÏîëèòèêàÏðàâîÏñèõîëîãèÿÐèòîðèêàÑîöèîëîãèÿÑïîðòÑòðîèòåëüñòâîÒåõíîëîãèÿÔèçèêàÔèëîñîôèÿÔèíàíñûÕèìèÿ×åð÷åíèåÝêîëîãèÿÝêîíîìèêàÝëåêòðîíèêà


Tasks and exercises




1. Comment on archaisms. Arrange the following archaic words into lexical and grammatical archaisms.

Aught, belike, didst, dost, eke, ere, hast, hath, maiden, naught, quoth, shalt, steed, thee, thou, wert, woe.

2. Translate the following sentences. Pick out obsolete words and comment on them.

1. De Bracy blew his horn three times, and the archers who stood along the wall hastened to lower the dragbridge and admit them (W. Scott). 2. Locksley, for such was the name of this yeoman, readily took part in the archery contest and won the prize (W. Scott). 3. Their triumph was announced by the heralds, the trumpeters and shouts of the spectators (W. Scott). 4. Each touched with the reverse of his lance the shield of the antagonist whom he wished to oppose (W. Scott). 5. A narrow space between these galleries and the lists was occupied chiefly by the yeomanry and the burghers (W. Scott). 6. On the platform beyond the southern entrance were placed the five magnificent pavilions of the five knights who were the challengers (W. Scott). 7. At each of these gates stood two heralds, attended by six trumpets and a strong body of men-at-arms (W. Scott). 8. He looked like a strolling minstrel, for he carried a harp in his hand, which he played, while his sweet tenor voice sang a merry love-song (W. Scott).

3. Group the following neologisms as to the ways of their formation. Consult the dictionary and comment on their meaning. Give their in your native language equivalents.

Agro-industrial, audio-lingual, backpacker, beach, wagon, biotelemetry, black bluster, black shirt, by-time, chauffeuse, ecocide, ecogeography, epoxy, ethnoscience, facepack, hairstylist, halfday, listen-in, microcopy, microcomputer, vitaminize, wonder, boy, work-fellow, to adultify, alffluenza, Amerenglish, to arm-twist, arrestee, to awfulize, to babynap, bezzle, can-do, co-ims, to disimprove, eyeprint, gimmie, gloomster, gofer, illiterature, JIT, kissy, mechatronics, picturesome, pol, to quietize, to reschedule, squaerial, suspenser, to unimpress, white-knuckle.

4. Make distinction between neologisms and occasional words. Pick out occasional words from the following sentences.

1. The theory is getting less and less defensible. 2. I can’t speak on TV, I’m camera shy. 3. They accused the Administration spokesman of trying to sloganize the country out of the economic decline. 4. There are many men in London who have no wish for the company of others. It is for the convenience of such people that the Diogenes Club was started, and it now contains the most unsociable and unclubbable men in town. 5. He was wived in Texas, and mother-in-lawed, and uncled, and aunted.

5. Classify the following words into root words, derivatives, compounds and compound derivatives.

Writer, disappointment, deaf-mute, boyishness, break, wonderful, tree, book, unknown, notebook, egg, go, handbook, re-write, high, bald-headed, cry, well-dressed, railroad, highly, black, effect, morphologically, superman, open-hearted, honey-mooner, blackness, chocolate, good, readable, student, root-word, effective, classification, toy, compare, theatre-goer, accordingly, unpleasant, bookworm, classroom, highlight, blackboard, high-priced.

6. Arrange the following words in hierarchical series, using tree diagrams:

furniture, desk, chair, bed;

lecture, speech, ovation, sermon;

relative, person, uncle;

carrots, vegetable, food;

automobile, vehicle, sports car, sedan.

7. Describe some of the differences of emotive meanings in the following sets of words:

mother / mom;

father / daddy;

policeman / pig;

hell / Gehenna.

8. Find cases of meaning equivalence in the following sentences.

1. He is still spry at eighty: very lively and nimble. 2. The space ship was the peak, the top, the absolute culmination of space-splitting speed. 3. “Why did you make a face?” “It’s that scent. I find it a bit too much. It’s – well – ” “Well! What is it?” “I fancy indecent is the word I’m groping for.” “It happens to be the most exclusive perfume on the market.” 4. On the surface he was exactly what she wanted in a son. Tall, fair, good-looking, athletic, but not a bore, conventional, but not a prig, with good taste, but not in any way ‘arty’. 5. Death alters everything. Death changes all. 6. I drifted back slowly into the pleasant void of sleep where there weren’t any aches or pains. 7. To queries she was always ‘not so great’ – an unspecified lack of health rather than any positive illness. 8. They were really furnished apartments, but the lady always referred to them as a flat. 9. A lapse of the ling. A slip of the tongue. 10. Dorchester is a delightfully peaceful place, nestling in stillnes and silence and drowsiness. 11. I did indeed propose a personal interview, my dear Master, but I ought to have begged, entreated, beseeched it. 12. I shrieked, Harris roared; George waved his hat, and yelled back.

9. Find antonyms for the words given below. Classify the words into affixal (derivational) and root (absolute) antonyms. Translate the antonyms into Ukrainian.

Alike, alive, big, black, clean, clever, darkness, to die, dry, enemy, evil, ti give, good, joy, to laugh, life, light, to love, narrow, old, to open, poor, quick, to reject, right, sad, slowly, strong, ugly, wet, wide, young.

Active, artless, attentive, careful, convenient, descend, disarrange, discord, downstairs, employed, fruitful, immature, impossible, misunderstand, order, outlet, painful, polite, pre-war, selfish, successful, underestimate, unknown, useless.

10. Express the contrary meaning by using antonyms. State whether they are absolute or derivational.

1. All the seats were occupied. 2. The room was lighted by the strong rays of the sun. 3. A lamp is a necessary thing in this room. 4. The little boy was outside the car. 5. He drew a crooked line. 6. The lesson seemed to be long and difficult. 7. On the tray there was a jug of cold water. 8. The coach was empty of passengers. 9. Around the garden ran a high wall. 10. The book looked dull. 11. They chose a cheap restaurant. 12. He was tall. 13. He opened the door. 14. He was sad again.

11. Comment on the meaning of the prefixes in the following words.

Afloat, afoot, afresh, alight, along, anew, awaken.

Amoral, anomalous, aseptic.

Befriend, behead, belittle, besiege, bewitch.

Uncomfortable, unequal, unhappy, unreal, unsafe.

Unarm, unbelt, unbind, uncap, undress, unmask, untie.

Disagree, disapprove, discomfort, disobey.

Disappear, disarrange, disband, disconnect, disjoin.

12. Translate the following words into Ukrainian paying attention to the difference in their meaning:

Childish – childlike, colorful – colored, delightful – delighted, economic – economical, exhaustive – exhausting – exhausted, feverish – fevered, godlike – godly, historic – historical, loving – lovely – lovable, manly – mannish, pleasant – pleased, reddened – reddish, respected – respectful – respectable, rightful – righteous, snaky – snakelike, starry – starred, tasty – tasteful, touchy – touched – touching, watery – waterish, womanlike – womanly – womanish.

 

13. Translate the following sentences into Ukrainian. Pick out prefixed words and comment on the meaning of these prefixes:

1. He was disinclined to trouble himself with a young man (W. Maugham). 2. There would be a time for rearrangements and readjustments (G. Chesterton). 3. Your co-believers are remarkably unscrupulous and insensitive about those of us who have come to the opposite conclusion (Ch. Dickens). 4. As she talked to Mamma, relating the events of her journey, she displayed strong, discolored teeth which, however, were somewhat unmanageable and made little clicking noises (A. Cronin). 5. I am afraid, I misjudged you in the past, I beg your pardon (W. Maugham). 6. In all big cities there are self-contained groups that exist without intercommunication (W. Maugham). 7. Uncle Elliot said it was most improper and Mamma said she thought it unnecessary (W. Maugham). 8. He was a non-representative artist and he painted portraits of her in squares and oblongs (W. Maugham). 9. Until the events of the last few days he had been almost supernaturally steady all this year (J. Galsworthy). 10. He was an ex-fisher (W. Maugham). 11. Young Jolyon sat down far off, and began nervously to reconsider his position (J. Galsworthy). 12. Soames desired to alter his condition from that of the unmarried man to that of the married man remarried (J. Galsworthy). 13. There’s an unfortunate devil, who has got a friend on the poor side, that’s glad to do anything of that sort (Ch. Dickens).

14. Classify the following –er nouns into: a) agent-nouns;

b) nouns denoting things which do what the stem denotes;

c) nouns denoting persons who live in a certain country or locality.

Announcer, Britisher, cutter, defender, driver, fighter, footballer, foreigner, free-thinker, gardener, listener, Londoner, Netherlander, New-Yorker, offender, owner, reader, reaper, speaker, villager, opener.

 

15. Comment on the meaning of the noun-forming suffix –ess. Give Russian equivalents of the following nouns in –ess. Pay attention to the corresponding suffixes in Russian.

Baroness, poetess, actress, stewardess.

Empress, heiress, lioness, tigress, traitress.

Advanturess, hostess, Jewess, laundress, shepherdess, waitress.

Countess, goddess.

16. Comment on the meaning of the suffix –ish. Arrange the following adjectives into groups denoting:

a) belonging to some nationality or locality;

b) like, having the quality of;

c) approaching the quality of.

Babyish, biggish, brownish, brutish, childish, dampish, devilish, dollish, fattish, Finnish, foolish, girlish, greenish, greyish, Irish, Jewish, kittenish, monkeyish, piggish, Polish, poorish, reddish, Spanish, Turkish, tigerish, whitish, wolfish, womanish

17. Form adjectives by adding the suffix –ly to the following nouns. Arrange these adjectives into two groups according to their meaning:

a) having the quality of, characteristic of;

b) occuring.

Brother, coward, day, father, hour, man, month, mother, night, quarter, sister, soldier, time, week, wife, woman, year.

18. Translate the following sentences into Ukrainian. Pick out nouns with suffixes and comment on the meaning of these suffixes:

1. I have to say that you have a traitress in your camp (B. Show). 2. Mummy, is daddy in your room (J. Galsworthy)? 3. There is no happiness like that of being loved by your fellow-creatures, and feeling that your presence is an addition to their comfort (Ch. Bronte). 4. By displaying towards Irene a dignified coldness, some impression might be made upon her; but she was seldom now to be seen, and there seemed a slight difficulty in seeking her out on purpose to show her coldness (J. Galsworthy). 5. His cunning, his personal skills, his behaviour, his mixture of good-nature and unbendingness were all of a piece (C. Snow). 6. I recalled his high spirits, his vitality, his confidence in the future, and his disinterestedness (W. Maugham). 7. A dramatization of the work was made, which ran for a season in New York (W. Maugham). 8. He is the idealist, he is the dreamer. 9. From the top lefthand drawer of her chest she brought out a handful of sweets (A. Cronin). 10. The roar of the pneumatic cutter in that narrow space was deafening (W. Maugham). 11. He took a cigarette and sucked in a lungful of smoke (W. Maugham). 12. I have every confidence in my informant (A. Cronin). 13. A polite refusal is better than a rude grant (J. Galsworthy).

19. Comment on the examples of converted words in the sentences below. State to what part of speech they belong and the derivational pattern of conversion:

1. Miss Watkins was a nobody. She was a drifter. No family, no close friends (P. Benchley). 2. He turned his head wearily on the pillow. The nurse shooed us from the room then (H. Robbins). 3. But I am not in the least prepared to give a support to degrading superstitions (C. Snow). 4. I stood up as they neared my table (Id.). 5. I called Jane in and told her to get all the department heads up into my office…What was the good of being boss if nobody showed up for you to boss? (Id.). 6. She was wearing a tweed coat trimmed with fur, smart travelling clothes, foreign in make and cut (A. Christie). 7. George signalled for the check. The waiter brought it and he paid him (Id.). 8. The talk reverted to the subject which had been tabooed before (A. Christie). 9. Seizing the knocker, she executed a deafening rat-a-tat-tat and, in addition, thumped upon the panels of the door (Id.). 10. I heard a miaow behind me, and, turning, saw a lean white cat (H. Wells). 11. He was sweating a little from being down around the engines, and he straightened up and wiped his face with a piece of waste (E. Hemingway). 12. Caroline put the palms of her hands out to the sun to get them browned (M. Spark). 13. This was his last try (J. Hilton). 14. His face paled. Hatred choked him (P.O. Connor). 15. My thoughts have been much occupied with the ups and downs, the fortunes and misfortunes of married life (W. Maugham). 16. Down the road, in twos and threes, more people were gathering in for the day of marketing, the day of festival (R. Ludlum). 17. I used often to go out for a swim in the Pacific (I. Montagu). 18. He bridged his hand over his eyes – the light over the bed seemed to be blinding him (J. D. Salinger). 19. He tensed the muscles of his big neck, as though forcedly levelling his voice (D. Carter). 20. He waited, and the wait was not long (R. Ludlum).

20. Classify the following compounds according to the part of speech they belong to.

Age-old, home-made, anything, skin-deep, killjoy, yesman, salesman, ill-fitting, whitewash, three-room, first-rate, metal-cutting, baby-sit, haymaker, water-proof, handshake, well-bred, tender-hearted, whatever, anybody, one-sidedly, never-to-be-forgotten, himself, bottleneck, widespread, old-looking, sunbathe, whoever, third-rate, clean-shaven, hair-dresser, hair-do, well-wisher, oak-tree, life-long.

21. Discuss the meaning of the words house, white, die in connection with the problem “concept - meaning”.

A house in the country. A full house. Every word was heard in all parts of the house. White House. An ancient trading house in the city. A noisy cheerful house. To keep house. To bring down the house. To leave one’s father’s house. On the house.

White clouds. White hair. A white elephant. The white race. White magic. White meat. As white as snow. White wine. It’s white of you. White lie.

 

Die of hunger. Die a violent death. Die in one’s bed. The day is dying. Die to the world. I’m dying to know. His secret died with him. Die in harness. Die game. Never say ‘die’.

22. Explain the motivation of the following words and word-groups:

a driver, unanswerable, skin-deep, home-made, to winter, to water, a bee, a snake, book for a needle in a bundle of hay, catch at a straw, babble, basketball, blooming health, bookshelf, bottleneck, boyish, bump, buzz, catlike, chatter, chirrup, crash, eatable, foot of a mountain, giggle, green with envy, handkerchief, head of a procession, heart of the country, howl, key to a mystery, legs of a table, lioness, mow, nightgown, nose of a plane, overgrow, prefabricated, purr, skilful, splash, swish, teacher, tinkle, tongues of flame, travelling-bag, twitter, watery.

23. Explain the absence of motivation in the following words and word-groups:

big, red, to read, baker’s dozen.


Working Definitions of Principal Concepts

NATIVE is a word which belongs to the original English stock, as known from the earliest available manuscripts of the Old English period.
BORROWING is a word taken over from another language and also the process of adopting words from other languages.
TRANSLATION LOANS are words and expressions formed from the material already existing in the British language lent according to patterns taken from another language, by way of literal or morpheme-for-morpheme or word-for-word translation (e.g. wall-paper).
SOURCE OF BORROWING the language from which this or that particular word was taken into English.
ORIGIN OF BORROWING the language the word may be traced to.
ASSIMILATION a partial or total conformation to the phonetical, graphical and morphological standards of the receiving language and its semantic system.
BARBARISMS words from other languages used by English people in conversation or in writing but not assimilated in any way, and for which there are corresponding English equivalents (e.g. Italian ‘addio’, ‘ciao’ – English ‘good-bye’).
ETYMOLOGICAL DOUBLETS two or more words of the same language which were brought by different routes from the same basic word. They differ to a certain degree in form, meaning and current usage.
INTERNATIONAL WORDS words of identical origin that occur in several languages as a result of simultaneous or successive borrowings from one ultimate source.
VOCABULARY the total word-stock of a language.
SYSTEM a set of elements associated and functioning together according to central laws. It’s a coherent homogeneous whole, constituted by interdependent elements of the same order related in certain specific ways.
ADAPTIVE SYSTEM a system constantly adjusting itself to the changing requirements and conditions of human communications and cultural surroundings.
SET a collection of definite distinct objects to be conceived as a whole.
STRUCTURED SET the number of its elements is greater than the number of rules according to which these elements may be constructed.
FUZZY SET the boundaries are not sharply delineated and the sets themselves are overlapping.
EQUIVALENCE the relation between two elements based on the common feature due to which they belong to the same set.
LEXICO-GRAMMATICAL GROUP a set of words with a common lexico-grammatical meaning, a common paradigm, the same substituting elements and possibly a characteristic set of suffixes rendering the lexico-grammatical meaning. A subset of the part of speech several lexico-grammatical groups constitute one part of speech.
LEXICO-SEMANTIC GROUP lexical group consisting of the same part of speech covering one conceptual area.
SEMANTIC FIELD part of reality singled out in human experience and covered in a language by a more or less autonomous lexical microsystem.
SYNONYMS words that belong to the same part of speech, different in sound form but similar in their denotational meaning (or meanings) and interchangeable at least in some contexts.
ANTONYMS words belonging to the same part of speech, different in sound form characterized by different types of semantic contrast of the denotational meaning.
HYPONYMY semantic relationship of inclusion.  
PARADIGM the system of the grammatical forms of a word.  
CONNOTATION the pragmatic communicative value the word receives by virtue of where, when, how, by whom, for what purpose and in what context it is or may be used. The main types of connotations are: stylistic, emotional, evaluative and expressive (intensifying).
ACTIVE VOCABULARY words which a person uses.  
PASSIVE VOCABULARY words which a person understands.  
OBSOLETE WPRDS are words that drop out of the language altogether.  
ARCHAISMS when a word is no longer in general use but not absolutely obsolete.  
HISTORISMS words denoting objects and phenomena which are things of the past and no longer exist.  
NEOLOGISMS is any word or set expression, formed according to the productive structural patterns or borrowed from another language and felt by the speakers as something new.  
SIMPLE WORDS their stem contains one free morpheme.  
DERIVED WORDS their stem contains no less than two morphemes of which at least one is bound.  
COMPOUND WORDS consist of no less than two free morphemes.  
COMPOUND DERIVATIVES consist of two free morphemes and one bound referring to the whole combination.  
EMOTIONALLY COLORED WORDS are words that convey or express emotion.
INTENSIFIERS convey special intensity to what is said, indicate the special importance of the thing expressed.  
EVALUATORY WORDS they can not only indicate the presence of emotion but also specify it.  
EMOTIONALLY NEUTRAL WORDS express notions but do not say anything about the state of the speaker or his mood.  
THEMATIC GROUPS include words belonging to the same part of speech united by one theme or topic.  
IDEOGRAPHIC GROUPS words of different parts of speech united by one theme or topic.  
MORPHEME the minimum meaningful language unit, an association of a given meaning with a given sound pattern.
ROOT-MORPHEME   the semantic nucleus of a word with which no grammatical properties of the word are concerned.
STEM that part of a word which remains unchanged throughout its paradigm and to which grammatical inflections and affixes are added.
DERIVATIONAL MORPHEME an affixal morpheme which when added to the stem modifies the lexical meaning of the root and forms a new word.  
MORPHOLOGICAL SEGMENTATION the ability of a word to be divided into such elements as roots, stem and affix.  
THE PRINCIPLES OF MORPHEMIC ANALYSIS the segmentation of words is generally carried out according to the method of Immediate and Ultimate Constituents. This method is based upon the binary principle, i.e. each stage of procedure involves two components the word immediately breaks into. At each stage these two components are referred to as the Immediate Constituents (IC). Each IC at the next stage of analysis is in turn broken into smaller meaningful elements. The analysis is completed when we arrive at constituents incapable of further division, i.e. morphemes. These are referred to as Ultimate Constituents (UC). The analysis of word-structure on the morphemic level must naturally proceed to the stage of UC-s.  
IMMEDIATE CONSTITUENTS   any of the two meaningful parts forming a larger linguistic unit.
ULTIMATE CONSTITUENTS constituents incapable of further division.  
DERIVATIVE STRUCTURE   is the nature, type and arrangement of the ICs of the word.
DERIVATIVE RELATIONS are relations between words with a common root but of different derivative structure.  
DERIVATIONAL BASES are functional units to which a rule of word-formation is applied. They present the part of the word which establishes connection with the lexical unit that motivates the derivative and determines its individual lexical meaning describing the difference between words in one and the same derivative set.  
VALENCY the combining possibilities of derivational affixes.  
DERIVATIONAL PATTERN a meaningful combination of stems and affixes that occur regularly enough to indicate the part of speech, the lexico-semantic category and semantic peculiarities common to most words with this particular arrangement of morphemes. (Ginsburg, p. 103)  
COMPLETLY SEGMENTED WORDS have transparent morphemic structure that is conditioned by the fact that its constituent morphemes recur with the same meaning in a number of other words.  
CONDITIONALLY SEGMENTED WORDS are words whose segmentation into the constituent morphemes is doubtful for semantic reasons.  
DEFECTIVELY SEGMENTED WORDS   have unique morphemes met nowhere else but in this word only.
FREE MORPHEMES can stand alone without changing their meaning and coincide with a stem or a word form.  
BOUND MOPHEMES are used only as a part of a word.
SEMASIOLOGY the branch of linguistics which studies the semantics of linguistic units.
SEMANTICS the meaning of words, expressions or grammatical forms.
WORD the basic unit of language. It directly corresponds to the object of thought (referent), which is a generalized reverberation of a certain ‘slice’, ‘piece’ of objective reality, and by immediately referring to it names the thing meant.
REFERENT   the object of thought correlated with a certain linguistic expression. Also: the element of objective reality as reflected in our minds and viewed as the content regularly correlated with certain expression.
CONCEPT a generalized reverberation in the human consciousness of the properties of the objective reality learned in the process of the latter’s cognition. Concepts are formed linguistically, each having a name (a word) attached to it.    
MEANING   is a certain reflection in our mind of objects, phenomena or relations that makes part of the linguistic sign-its so-called inner facet whereas the sound-form functions as its outer facet.  
DISTRIBUTION is the position of a linguistic element in relation to other units.  
GRAMMATICAL MEANING is that component of word-meaning which is recurrent in identical sets of individual forms of different words.
LEXICAL MEANING   the material meaning of a word, i.e. the meaning of the main material part of the word (as distinct from its formal or grammatical part), which reflects the concept the given word expresses and the basic properties of the things (phenomenon, quality, state, etc.) the word denotes.  
DENOTATION   the expression of the main meaning, meaning proper of a linguistic unit in contrast to its connotation. It is the denotational meaning that makes communication possible.  
CONNOTATION the pragmatic communicative value the word receives by virtue of where, when, how, by whom, for what purpose and in what context it is or may be used. The main types of connotations are: stylistic, emotional, evaluative and expressive (intensifying).  
DIFFERENTIAL MEANING is the semantic component of morpheme-meaning that serves to distinguish one word from all others containing identical morphemes.  
DISTRIBUTIONAL MEANING   is the meaning of the order and arrangement of morphemes making up the word.
MOTIVATION is a connection between the structural pattern of the word and its meaning.  
COMPONENTIAL ANALYSIS   splitting of an individual meaning of a word into its constituent smallest unit-semes (e.g. “woman” may be split into semes “human”, “female”, “adult”).  


Ïîäåëèòüñÿ:

Äàòà äîáàâëåíèÿ: 2015-09-14; ïðîñìîòðîâ: 305; Ìû ïîìîæåì â íàïèñàíèè âàøåé ðàáîòû!; Íàðóøåíèå àâòîðñêèõ ïðàâ





lektsii.com - Ëåêöèè.Êîì - 2014-2024 ãîä. (0.006 ñåê.) Âñå ìàòåðèàëû ïðåäñòàâëåííûå íà ñàéòå èñêëþ÷èòåëüíî ñ öåëüþ îçíàêîìëåíèÿ ÷èòàòåëÿìè è íå ïðåñëåäóþò êîììåð÷åñêèõ öåëåé èëè íàðóøåíèå àâòîðñêèõ ïðàâ
Ãëàâíàÿ ñòðàíèöà Ñëó÷àéíàÿ ñòðàíèöà Êîíòàêòû