World Cancer Day 2013 3 страница

Exercise 8. Translate the following word combinations: повторювані епилептичі припадки, мимовільні рухи, несвідомий стан, неусвідомленість того, що відбувається, cтруктурне пошкодження мозку, генералізована і часткова епілепсія, заснути, гарячковий спазм, зберігати рівновагу, світлова стимуляція, що переривається, помутніння свідомості, оcередкові пошкодження, вискова доля, протисудорожні препарати, пароксизмальні порушення пам’яті

Exercise 9. Translate into English:

1. Відомо, що тонічно-клонічні судоми наявні у 60% пацієнтів, які страждають від епілепсії.

2. Приступ абсанса, що звичайно виявляється в дитячому віці, зникає з настанням дорослого віку.

3. Протисудорожні препарати eфективно знижують, як частоту, так й тяжкість епілептичних судом у більшості хворих.

4. Вважають, що найбільш розповсюдженими причинами епілепсії є пуxлини мозку, судинна патологія мозку, енцефаліт і обмінні порушення.

5. Було встановлено, що епілепсія –спадкова хвороба.

6. Поставивши точний діагноз і визначивши тип епілепсії, лікар почав лікування протисудорожними препаратами.

Exercise 10. Put the questions to the underlined words:

1. Attacks are sometimes provoked by overbreathing.

2. The patient may rouse in a state of confusion.

3. In tonic-clonic seizures the patient falls to the ground unconscious.

4. Absence seizures often subside spontaneously in adult life.

5. A simple partial seizure consists of convulsive movements that might spread to the thumb.

6. After the seizure the patient may have no recollection of the event.

Exercise 11. Use the verbs in brackets in the appropriate tense form.

1. The patient stated that the onset of epilepsy (to be preceded) by the brain damage during an accident.

2. This woman (to suffer from) encephalitis before epilepsy developed.

3. If epilepsy (to be treated) properly, it may (to subside) gradually.

4. The doctor (to prescribe) him some anticonvulsive drugs.

5. This patient (to experience) seizures since his childhood.

6. The EEG (to take) during the attack (to show) bisynchronous spike and wave discharges.

Exercise 12. Give the definitions to the following terms: epilepsy, seizure, hallucination.

Exercise 13.Speak about:

- types of epilepsy;

- an epileptic seizure.

TEST

1. Epilepsy is a disorder of ……….. function.

a) Memory b) movement c) brain d) cardiac

2. During a seizure the patient is in the state of………….

a) Shock b) collapse c) unconsciousness d) stupor

3. The electroencephalogram shows ……… during the seizures.

a) bisynchronous spike b) wave discharges c) no special changes

4. Attacks are sometimes provoked by ……………

a) frequent breathing b) sunlight c) overheat d) light stimulation

5. A number of symptoms in partial seizures are due to…………..

a) scarring b) atrophy of the temporal lobe c) mental overstrain

6. The lack of any respiratory movement may result in…………

a) loss of consciousness b) cyanosis c) urination d) death

7) The tongue may be …………………..

a) coated b) bitten c) put out d) protruded

8. Epilepsy may be controlled by…………………..

a) vasodilators b) anticonvulsants c) antihistamines

9. In partial seizures symptoms may include ……………..

a) various hallucinations b) paroxysmal disorders of memory c) nausea

10. Epilepsy ………..be treated.

a) is able to b) needn’t c) must d) is allowed to

PACKAGE INSERTS – Анотації до лікарських препаратів

Exercise 1. Learn the active vocabulary:

Exercise 2. Translate the following word combinations into Ukrainian:

Licensed medicines; follow a standard format; clinical pharmacology; absorb and eliminate; results of various clinical trials; medication's effect on various populations; physical impairments and drug interactions; cause physical dependence; results of an overdose; storage information.

Exercise 3. Read and translate the following text:

PACKAGE INSERTS

Package Inserts or Patient information leaflets (drug leaflet) are leaflets containing specific information about medical conditions, doses, side effects that packed with medicines to give the user information about the product. Patient information leaflets are written by the manufacturing pharmaceutical company. All licensed medicines need to carry such a leaflet.

Package inserts follow a standard format for every medication and include the same types of information. The first thing listed is usually the brand name and generic name of the product. The other sections are as follows:

· Clinical pharmacology - tells how the medicine works in the body, how it is absorbed and eliminated, and what its effects are likely to be at various concentrations. It may also contain results of various clinical trials (studies) and/or explanations of the medication's effect on various populations (e.g. children, women, etc.).

· Indications and usage - uses (indications) for which the drug has been approved (e.g. migraines, seizures, high blood pressure).

· Contraindications - lists situations in which the medication should not be used, for example in patients with other medical conditions such as kidney problems or allergies

· Warnings - covers possible serious side effects that may occur

· Precautions - explains how to use the medication safely including physical impairments and drug interactions

· Adverse reactions - lists all side effects observed in all studies of the drug (as opposed to just the dangerous side effects which are separately listed in "Warnings" section)

· Drug abuse and dependence - provides information regarding whether prolonged use of the medication can cause physical dependence (only included if applicable)

· Overdosage - gives the results of an overdose and provides recommended action in such cases

· Dosage and administration - gives recommended dosage(s); may list more than one for different conditions or different patients (e.g., lower dosages for children)

· Physical properties - explains in detail the physical characteristics of the medication including color, shape, markings, etc., and storage information (e.g., "Do not store above 95°")

Exercise 4. Answer the following questions:

1) What is a package insert?

2) Who are patient information leaflets written by?

3) What are the main sections of an information leaflet?

4) What does the section Clinical Pharmacology contain?

5) What does the section Indications and Usage contain?

6) What does the section Contraindications list?

7) What does the section Warnings cover?

8) What does the section Precautions explain?

9) What does the section Overdosage give?

10) Which section explains in detail the physical characteristics of the medication including color, shape, markings, etc., and storage information?

Exercise 5. Translate the following word combinations into English:

Анотації до лікарських засобів; медичні умови; побічні дії; фармацевтична компанія виробник; непатентована назва лікарського засобу; зареєстрована патентована назва лікарського засобу; поглинати та видаляти; результати різних клінічних дослідів; схвалені ліки; взаємодія ліків; визивати фізичну залежність; інформація щодо зберігання.

Exercise 6. Here are some sentences taken from different package inserts, read them translate and decide which sections (indications, contraindications, physical properties, side effects, etc.) they refer to:

1. Zaditen is an antiasthmatic drug with marked antianaphylactic properties and a spe­cific antihistaminic effect.

2. Following oral administration, Fosiopril is absorbed slowly.

3. Daflon treats venous insufficiently and oedema of venous origin by reinforcing the walls of veins.

4. Atrovent is indicated as a bronchodilator for maintenance treatment of bronchospasm.

5. Eye drops may be used for the prevention of ocular infection after removal of a corneal or conjuctival foreign body.

6. Phenergan is indicated in many allergic disorders and anaphylactic reactions including hay fever, urticaria and sensitization reactions of various drugs.

7. Dosage should be adjusted according to blood pressure response.

8. If immediate action is required, the cap­sule could be chewed and held in mouth.

9. Take half of the tablet twice daily or 1 capsule in the evening only for children under 3.

10. The use of Unasyn is contraindicated in individuals with a history of hypersensitivity to any of the penicillins.

Exercise 7. Put questions to the underlined words:

1. Tablets Noroxin should be stored in a tightly closed container.

2. The expiration date is nfentioned on the package.

3. Renal function should be closely moni­tored, as it may be further impaired by the use of antihypertensive drugs.

4. Prolonged use of antibiotics may give rise to overgrowth of nonsusceptible microorganisms and fungi.

5. Pantrisin ophthalmic solution and ointment are incompatible with other preparations.

6. Kesalamine produces an acute intolerance syndrome characterized by acute abdominal pain and bloody diarrhea.

7. Tachycardia and blood pressure generally subside after a few days.

8. Zocar may cause fatal harm when admin­istered to a pregnant woman.

Exercise 8. Open the brackets using the verbs in the appropriate form, translate the sentences into Ukrainian:

1. Isocard (to contraindicate) in patients sen­sitive to the drug.

2. Hypersensitivity to atropine or its deriva­tives (to report).

3. Mesalanine is 5-amino-2-hydroxybensoic acid, and it (to classify) as an anti-inflammatory drug.

4. Benazepril hydrochloride (to be) soluble in water, in methanol.

5. Zocor is a cholesterol lowering agent that (to derive) synthetically from a fermentation product of Aspergillus terreus.

6. Cetax (to indicate) for the treatment of pa­tient with genitourinary infections caused by susceptible strains of microorganisms.

7. Suppositories (to indicate) for the treat­ment of active ulcerative proctitis.

8. Weight gain occasionally (to report­).

Exercise 9. Read the following package insert and answer the questions:

ВАСТОХ Amoxicillin

powder for oral suspension

PRESENTATION : .

• BACTOX 250 mg : powder for oral suspension :

THERAPEUTICAL INDICATIONS : This medicine is an antibiotic of the penicillin type A family. This medicine is recommended for bacterial infections due to sensitive germs, especially for respiratory, urinary infections and all infections of the nose, throat and ears.

CONTRA-INDICATIONS : This medicine MUST NOT BE USED in the following cases :

1. known allergy to penicillin. In case of doubt it is essential to ask for your doctor's or chemist's advice.

WARNING: Because of possible allergy always inform your doctor about your present or past diseases.

2. WARNINGS FOR USE: It is necessary to inform your doctor of all renal diseases due to the necessity of adapting the treatment.

OTHER POSSIBLE EFFECTS OF THE MEDICINE: Like any other active product this medicine may present following secondary effects to some people. The most usual are : digestive out­breaks : nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea • allergic outbreaks : urticaria. In case of diarrhoea during the treatment with Bactox, immediately inform your doctor. Never start an anti diarrhoea treatment without medical prescription.

METHOD OF USE:

a. Fill the bottle with plain water up to the circular mark.

b. Shake it several times until obtaining a homogeneous liquid. If necessary add some water up to the mark.

c. Fill the standard spoonful to get a full measure.

d. Shake the bottle well before each use.

Bactox can indifferently be taken on an empty stomach, before, during or after the meals.

POSOLOGY AND ADMINISTRATION WAY: The usual posology is 25 to 50 mg per kilo and per day.

To be efficient this antibiotic must be used regularly according to the prescribed posology and as long as recommended by your doctor. Fever or any other symptom when disappeared doesn't mean that you have completely recovered. The possible sensation of fatigue is not linked with the antibiotic treatment, but with the infection itself.

duration of stability: DO NOT exceed THE LIMIT date of use indicated on the packing. particular warnings for conservation: this medicine must be kept at room temperature. The prepared suspension cannot be kept more than 7 days.

1) What type of drugs is Batox?

2) In what form is Batox manufactured?

3) How is Batox administered?

4) In what cases is Batox indicated?

5) What are the contraindications of Batox?

6) Should Batox be taken after or before meals?

7) What are the doses of Batox?

8) What symptoms may appear during Batox intake?

9) How long should the prepared suspension be kept?

Exercise 10. Make a summary of the package insert below, comment on the properties, composition, mechanism of action, indication, dosage and use, contraindications, side effects, storage and term of validity of the drug.

MAGASIL (MIXTURE)

COMPOSITION:

Each 10 mLof mixture contains:

PHARMACOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATION:

Antacids (acid neutralizers)

PHARMACOLOGICAL ACTION:

Acid neutralising, diminish activity of pepsin in gastric secretion.

INDICATIONS:

For the relief of acid ingestion, heartburn, hyperacidity, dyspepsia, gastritis and reflux oesophagitis

CONTRA-INDICATIONS:

Sensitivity to any of the active ingredients

WARNINGS:

Do not use this product if you are on a sodium-restricted diet, or suffer from hypertension, of heart failure, except under the advice and supervision of a doctor.

DOSAGE AND DIRECTIONS FOR USE:

Adults: two to four medicine measurefuls every four hours.

Do not use the maximum dosage of this product for more than 2 (two) weeks, except under the advice and supervision of a medical practitioner, or use as directed by a doctor.

SIDE EFFECTS AND SPECIAL PRECAUTIONS:

May cause diarrhea. Release of carbon dioxide may cause discomfort. MAGASIL may interfere with the absorption of other medicines if taken concomitantly.

Sodium bicarbonate can cause stomach cramps and flatulence. Excessive administration of sodium bicarbonate may lead to metabolic alkalosis, especially in patients with impaired renal function. Symptoms may include shortness of breath, muscle weakness and mental disturbances such as restlessness, convulsions and coma. Sodium bicarbonate should be administered extremely cautiously to patients with congestive heart failure, renal impairment, and cirrhosis of the liver or hypertension and to patients receiving corticosteroids.
IDENTIFICATION:

A white homogenous mixture with a slight peppermint flavour
PRESENTATION:

Brown plastic containers of 100 mL, 200 mL, 500 mL, and 2.5 litres

STORAGE INSTRUCTIONS:

Store in a cool, dark place below 25ºC.

KEEP OUT OF REACH OF CHILDREN

TEST

1. …are leaflets containing specific information about medical conditions, doses, side effects that packed with medicines to give the user information about the product.

a) Prescriptions b) Recommendations c) Instructions d) Package inserts

2. Patient information leaflets are written by …

a) the doctor b) the manufacturing pharmaceutical company

c) the chemist d) the nurse

3. The first thing listed in a package insert is usually … of the product.

a) the dosage b) the contraindications c) the brand name and generic name

d) the side effects

4. …tells how the medicine works in the body, how it is absorbed and eliminated, and what its effects are likely to be at various concentrations.

a) Section Warnings b) Section Clinical Pharmacology

c) Section Overdosage d) Section Physical properties

5. Section Indication and Usage includes…

a) possible side effects of the drug

b) situations in which the medication should not be used

c) uses (indications) for which the drug has been approved

d) information regarding whether prolonged use of the medication can cause physical dependence

6. Section Contraindications lists…

a) information regarding whether prolonged use of the medication can cause physical dependence

b) possible side effects of the drug

c) uses (indications) for which the drug has been approved

d) situations in which the medication should not be used

7. Section Dosage and administration includes…

a) uses (indications) for which the drug has been approved

b) situations in which the medication should not be used

c) information regarding whether prolonged use of the medication can cause physical dependence

d) recommended dosage(s)

8. Section Precautions explains…

a) the physical characteristics of the medication including color, shape, markings, etc., and storage information

b) how to use the medication safely including physical impairments and drug interactions

c) what should be done in case of overdosage

d) what side effects may occur

9. Section Physical properties explains …

a) what side effects may occur

b) the physical characteristics of the medication including color, shape, markings, etc., and storage information

c) what should be done in case of overdosage

d) what side effects may occur

10. Section Overdosage gives …

a) the physical characteristics of the medication including color, shape, markings, etc., and storage information

b) recommended dosage(s)

c) situations in which the medication should not be used

d) the results of an overdose and provides recommended action in such cases

11. Package Inserts … specific information about medical conditions, doses, side effects that packed with medicines to give the user information about the product.

a) contains b) contain c) are contained d) containing

12. Patient information leaflets … by the manufacturing pharmaceutical company.

a) are written b) write c) writing d) wrote

13. Package inserts follow a standard format… every medication.

a) of b) for c) at d) on

14. Daflon treats venous insufficiently and oedema of venous origin … reinforcing the walls of veins.

a) in b) on c) by d) for

15. Phenergan … in many allergic disorders and anaphylactic reactions.

a) Indicated b) Indicates c) Is indicated d) Indicating

16. Dosage should be adjusted … blood pressure response.

a) according to b) for c) to d) in order to

17. If immediate action …, the cap­sule could be chewed and held in mouth.

a) to require b) required c) requires d) is required

18. The use of Unasyn is contraindicated … individuals with a history of hypersensitivity to any of the penicillins.

a) in b) for c) to d) at

19. Isocard is contraindicated in patients sen­sitive … the drug.

a) for b) to c) on d) at

20. Benazepril hydrochloride … soluble in water, in methanol.

a) are b) does c) is d) do

ANTIBIOTICS - Антибіотики

Exercise 1. Practice the pronunciation and give the translation of the words:

Microbe ['maikrəub], bacterium (pl. -a) [ bæk'tiəriəm/-ə], fungus (pl. -i) ['fʌɳgəs/- ʤai], pathogenic [ˏpæθə'ʤenik], fatal ['feitl], meningitis[ˏmenin'ʤaitis], scarlet fever ['ska:lit 'fi:və], de­cline [di'klain], livestock ['laivstᴐk], grain [grein], feed [fi:d], damage ['dæmiʤ], various ['vɛəriəs], add [æd]

Exercise 2. Active vocabulary:

fungus – бот. гриб; пліснява, цвіль; деревна губка;

soil – земля; ґрунт;

harmful – шкідливий, згубний;

to fight – боротися; (з кимсь - against, with; за щось - for);

to damage – пошкоджувати;

to cure – лікування; виліковувати, зціляти(ся);

to de­cline – відкидати;відхиляти(пропозицію.);відмовляти(ся);

drastically – надмірно;

livestock – худоба; живий інвентар; поголів'я худоби;

feed – давати їжу; годувати (чимось - on); їжа, харч;

growth – ріст, зростання; розвиток.

Exercise 3. Read the following words paying attention of the letter combinations in the bold type:

-age- [iʤ]: damage, cabbage, marriage, passage, cartilage, storage;

-ous- [əu]: various, dangerous, fibrous, nervous, simultaneous, gangrenous.

-um- [əm]: bacterium, sputum, fungus, septum, tetanus, serum.

-au [ᴐ:]: August, trauma, automobile, audience, autopsy, auscultation.

-o [ʌ]: come, become, accompany, some, love, honey.

-a [ə]: pneumonia, insomnia, edema, anuria, malaria, cholera.

-i (pl.) [ai]: cocci, calculi, fungi, bacilli, glomeruli, streptococci.

Exercise 4. Form adverbs from the given adjectives and translate them:

Model: slow (повільний) + ly = slowly (повільно)

Complete, quick, rapid, obvious, hard, easy, quiet, bright, correct, dangerous, cautious, late, absolute, serious, chief, intramuscular, intravenous, oral, subcutaneous.

Exercise 5. Find words or word combinations in the text denoting the following:

a) any of various chemical substances, such as penicillin or streptomycin, produced by various microorganisms, esp. fungi, or made synthetically and capable of destroying or inhibiting the growth of microorganisms, esp. bacteria;

b) any microscopic organism too small to be visible to the naked eye, esp. a disease-causing bacterium;

c) a very large group of microorganisms comprising one of the three domains of living organisms. They are prokaryotic, unicellular, and either free-living in soil or water or parasites of plants or animals;

d) any member of a kingdom of organisms that lack chlorophyll, leaves, true stems, and roots, reproduced by spores, and live as saprotrophs or parasites. The group includes moulds, mildews, rusts, yeasts, and mushrooms;

e) a malignant tumour which is caused by the uncontrolled division of cells that then invade and destroy the surrounding tissues;

f) a highly infectious disease caused by Streptococcus bacteria; one of the prominent symptoms is a strawberry-coloured tongue;

g) an inflammation of the mental membranes due to infection by viruses, bacteria, or fingi.

Exercise 6. Read and translate the following word combinations:

Certain microbes; antibiotic sub­stances; live in the air, soil, and water; to fight various diseases; harmful to the cells; bacterial diseases; streptococcal bacteria; to attack human cells; the process of dividing; to treat infectious diseases; livestock feed; to stimu­late the animals’ growth; pathogenic microbes.

Exercise 7. Read and translate the text:

Antibiotics

Antibiotic is a drug produced by certain microbes. Antibiotic sub­stances are obtained from bacteria and fungi that live in the air, soil, and water. Most antibiotics are used by physicians to fight various diseases caused by harmful microbes. A few are used to treat certain types of cancer.

Antibiotics are selectively toxic – that is, they damage certain types of cells, but do not damage others. Many antibiotics are harmful to the cells of pathogenic (disease-causing) microbes, but they do not normally damage human cells. Physicians use these types of antibio­tics to treat a variety of bacterial diseases, including gonorrhea, syphi­lis, and tuberculosis, and infections caused by staphylococcal and streptococcal bacteria. A small number of antibiotics, however, were developed to attack human cells. Some of these are used to treat can­cer. They are selectively toxic mostly because they only damage cells that are in the process of dividing.

Antibiotics are sometimes called "wonder drugs" because they can cure many diseases that once were often fatal. The number of deaths that are caused by meningitis, pneumonia, and scarlet fever has de­clined drastically since people began using antibiotics.

Antibiotics are also used to treat infectious diseases in animals and to control bacteria and fungi that damage fruits and grains. Farmers sometimes add small amounts of antibiotics to livestock feed to stimu­late the animals’ growth.

Exercise 8. Answer the questions:

1. How are antibiotics obtained?

2. What diseases may antibiotics be used in?

3. What cells are many antibiotics normally harmful to?

4. What is selective toxicity?

5. Why do we call some antibiotics as "wonder drugs"?

6. Where may antibiotics be also used to treat infectious diseases?

7. Why do farmers sometimes add small amounts of antibiotics to livestock feed?

Exercise 9. Translate the following word combinations into English:

Бактерії та гриби; шкідливі мікроби; мікроби, які викликають хворобу; бактеріальні хвороби; стафілококові та стрептококові бактерії; уражати клітини людини; «дивовижні ліки»; пошкоджувати фрукти та овочі; корм для худоби; стимулювати ріст тварин; поділ клітин; лімфатична система; дуже поширені хвороби; хвороби, які передаються через контакт; вірусна інфекція; венерична хвороба.

Exercise 10. Compete the following sentences using the words and phrases from the text:

1. Antibiotic is a drug produced by certain… .

2. Antibiotic sub­stances are obtained from bacteria and fungi that live in the … .

3. Most antibiotics are used by …. to fight various diseases caused by harmful microbes.

4. A few are used to treat certain … .

5. Antibiotics are selectively toxic – that is, they damage certain types of …, but do not damage others.

6. Many antibiotics are harmful to the cells of … (disease-causing) microbes, but they do not normally damage human cells.

7. Antibiotics are sometimes called "wonder drugs" because they can … many diseases that once were often fatal.

Exercise 11. Fill in the prepositions where necessary:

1. The first antibiotic was discovered … Alexander Fleming in 1928 in a significant breakthrough (прорив) … medical science.

2. Some antibiotics are “bactericidal”, meaning that they work … killing bacteria. Other antibiotics are “bacteriostatic”, meaning that they work … stopping bacteria multiplying.

3. Some antibiotics can be used to treat a wide range … infections and are known … “broad-spectrum” antibiotics.

4. The most common side effects … antibiotics are diarrhea, nausea, vomiting.

5. Some people are allergic… antibiotics, particularly penicillin.

6. Allergic reactions cause swelling … the face, itching and a skin rash and, … severe cases, breathing difficulties.