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ВСТУПЛЕНИЕ 16 страница




Adoption of better industrial and agricultural practices will be neces­sary to prevent the more toxic wastes from being discharged into lake, stream, or ocean. For the majority of wastes from cities and industries the solution lies in treatment by physical, chemical, and biological pro­cesses which will remove suspended, colloidal and dissolved solids. Sed­imentation, coagulation and filtration will remove up to 50% of the organic matter. For more thorough removals it is necessary to use bio­logical processes in which large masses of bacteria and other microor­ganisms are brought into close contact with the soluble and colloidal organic matter in the waste waters. «Biological filters» are used in most of the l)iological processes.

5. Prevention of pollution. Waters generally are classified as surface waters and ground waters. Surface waters are lakes, rivers, reservoirs, streams and costal waters.

Treating polluted surface waters is somewhat simpler than eliminat­ing pollution from ground waters, where the pollution can travel rapidly or slowly depending on the nature of the ground strata through which the supply moves and on the nature of the pollution itself.

6. Intensive research is needed to discover better and more efficient techniques for treating water. Scientists in universities and research lab­oratories are studying a very wide range of renovation techniques. Among them are absorption by carbon or other absorptive filters, distillation, foaming, freezing, ion exchange, solvent extraction, electrodialysis and electrolysis.

Notes

1. surface waters поверхностныеводы; ground waters грунтовыеводы

Упражнение 5. Просмотрите текст еще раз. Назовите факторы, приводящие к загрязнению природных вод, и способы борьбы с ними в зависимости от типа загрязнения.

Упражнение 6. Найдите в тексте ответы на следующие вопросы и зачи­тайте их.

1. What diseases are caused by bacterial and viral contamination of water? 2. How are waters generaly classified? 3. What factors cause water pollution? 4. What are the processes used to control water pollu­tion? 5. The scientists are studying renovation techniques for treating polluted waters, aren't they? Whatarethey?

Упражнение 7. Напишите возможные сочетания: а) прилагательных и существительных; б) глаголов и существительных.

a) coastal waters
radioactive wastes
medical areas
industrial problems
organic matter
urban contamination
6) to cause wastes
to exceed public waters
to discharge death
to return standards

 

Упражнение 8. Переведите письменно абзац 4.

Упражнение 9. Заполните таблицу, указав виды загрязнения воды в соответствующих водоемах и способы их очистки.

Polluted Waters

  Lakes Streams Seas Oceans
Kinds of pollution        
Techniques        

 

Упражнение 10. Составьте письменно аннотацию текста А.

Упражнение И. Прочтите и переведите следующий текст; определите функции инфинитива.

%

The paper reports diarrhea in infants who drink water from local wells. These waters contained sulphate in a concentration of 600—1000 mg. per litre. The water was boiled before use, no microorganisms were found, and diarrhea could be induced or cured simply by manipulation of the sulphate concentration in the water. On the Canadian prairie many wells yield water which contains such a high concentration of minerals that it is too bitter to drink; water from other wells is palatable, yet many cause diarrhea. Sodium, magnesium and calcium were the most abundant cations to be present in these waters. Sodium always exceeded magnesium. The high sulphate concentration was sufficient by itself to account for the diarrhea. Sulphate is known to be absorbed and its purgative action can be explained entirely by its osmotic effect. The absorbability of the cation given with sulphate probably does not affect the purgative potericy of the salt because sulphate retains an equivalent amount of cation during its passage through the gut. The purgative action of magnesium, another ion, which is poorly absorbed, could be similarly explained. Yet, magnesium is an ion of many parts and the possibility of a direct effect of a high concentration of magnesium on the motility of intestinal muscle cannot be discounted. Other, less sci­entific, observations have suggested that sulphate has the advantage over magnesium as a purgative.

Much remains to be learned about the transport and effects of these and other ions in the colon.

Часть II

Слова к части II


 


purify [ pjuarifai] vочищать purification [,pju9rifi'keijn] nочист­ка, очищение purityf'pjuariti] nчистота agriculturalwastes [,aegri'kAltfaralweists] отходы сельскохозяйствен­ного производства sewersystem ['sjua 'sistarn] система

отведения сточных вод fertilize ['fatilaiz] vудобрять fertilizer ['fatilaiza] nудобрение extent [iks'tent] nстепень


 


Упражнения

Упражнение 1. Запомните значение и употребление данных слов.

1. to interfere: to interfere in вмешиваться; to interfere with пре­пятствовать, мешатьчему-л.

2. matter вещество; вопрос, дело, предмет (обсуждения); as a matter of fact фактически, насамомделе; Animal and vegetable matters are among industrial wastes. Наряду с другими веществами, вещества жи­вотного происхождения, а также вещества растительные составляют промышленные отходы. Animal matters are the soonest destroyed by the operation of heat, light and air, vegetable substances yield more slowly. Вещества животного происхождения быстрее разлагаются под дей­ствием тепла, света и воздуха; растительные вещества — медленнее.

Упражнение 2. Прочтите текст В (10 мин). 1) Назовите основные типы загрязнения вод. Объясните, как определяется степень загрязнения.

2) Найдите в тексте предложения, где употреблены формы инфинитива.

3) Переведите предложения.

Text В Water Pollution

Water in its natural state is never 100 percent pure. As soon as it condenses as rain, water begins gathering impurities until purified or until it evaporates. Much of this impurity is not sufficient to spoil the usefulness of water; some materials and substances, however, do limit its usefulness.

By definition «water pollution» we mean the presence in water of any substance that interferes with any of its legitimate uses - for public water supplies, recreation, agriculture, industry, the preservation of fish and esthetic purposes. ^ t0 v (/ ^ r>it ^ { ' ^

The principal forms of water pollution are domestic, industrial and agricultural wastes. Domestic wastes include sewage, detergents and everything else going down the chains of a city into its sewer system — used water from toilets, bathtubs),sirira aAd washings from restaurants, laundries, hospitals and hotels and other businesses: • '

V

Industrial wastes are the acids, oils, greases, other ;c)t}£micals and animal and vegetable matter discharged by factories. These wastes are discharged either through sewer system or through separate outlets di­rectly into waterways. Agricultural wastes include pesticides (insecti­cides, fungicides and herbicides), fertilizers (mainly nitrates and phos­phates) and animal wastes. In addition to these principal forms, other pollutants such as heat and radioactive substances, can contribute to water pollution. . /< - ^ ' U,

The extent of pollution in a given body of water can be measured to some degree by the amount of organic wastes it contains. Organic wastes can generally be destroyed by biochemical action, either naturally in a free-flowing stream or artificially in a waste treatment plant. Not all pollutants can be removed by such action, however; examples include minerals and acids from industrial operations or mining. Such pollut­ants as radioactive substances, pesticides, detergents and various oil prod­ucts are highly resistant to breakdown and must be specially treated.

Упражнение 3. Прочтите нижеприведенные суждения. Найдите в тексте предложения, более полно выражающие мысль данных суждений, и прочтите их вслух.

1. Natural water is never 100 per cent pure. 2. «Water pollution» means the presence in water of the substance that interferes with its legitimate uses. 3. Agricultural wastes include pesticides, fertilizers, etc. 4. There are some forms pf water pollution. 5. The extent of water pollution can be measured by the amount of organic wastes in it. 6. Some wastes can be destroyed but others cannot.

ЧастьIII

Контрольно-обобщающееупражнениекуроку 21

Укажите, в каких предложениях употреблены сложные инфинитивные конструкции. Переведитепредложения.

1. Such impurities are thought to be allergenic. 2. We know sewage to be the water carried discharges of the human body together with the liquid wastes from household and factory. 3. Have you taken anything to relieve your headache? 4. Water appears to be the largest constituent of the body making up two-thirds of the total mass of the human organ­ism. 5. Experiments with magnetic resonance seem to support the belief that intracellular water is closer to crystalline than the liquid state. 6. Anomalous expansion of water at temperatures near freezing point enables fresh water fish to survive cold winters.

(Ответ: 1, 2, 4, 5. Если вы ошиблись, повторите §§ 26, 27 Грам­матического справочника.)

LESSONTWENTY-TWO

NOISEPOLLUTION

Повторение: Виды придаточных предложений (§ 29)

Часть I

Слова к части I


 


noise [noiz] п шум

environmental [in,vai9r9n'mentl]а от­носящийся к окружающей среде threshold ['6reJ(h)ould] п порог scale [skeil] п шкала background ['baekgraund] п фон anxiety [aeg'zaiati] п беспокойство, тревога anxious ['aegkfas]а озабоченный, беспокоящийся; стремящийся, желающий deaf [def]а глухой deafness ['defnis] п глухота assess [a'ses] vоценивать assessment [s'sesmsnt] nоценка


Упражнения

Упражнение 1. Прочтите и переведите следующие придаточные предложения.

1. We know the greatest hazard to man is found in the water contam­inated with the discharges from the human body. 2. The principal mea­sures which we use in water purification are: aeration, coagulation, sedi­mentation, filtration, softening, desinfection (chlorination), absorption (activated carbon), corrosion correction. 3. Civilization requires that the wastes of the human body should be removed from habitation safely and promptly. 4. Were the water not desinfected with chlorine, the pathogen­ic and other forms of bacteria would not be destroyed. 5. If we used the preventive measures against water contamination in time, we could save many people from poisoning. 6. Had they not purified the drinking water in this area, the disease would have been immediately transmitted.

Упражнение 2. Напишите исходные слова к нижеприведенным производ­ным; переведите их.

noiseless, excessive, equality, deafness, assessment

Упражнение 3. Просмотрите текст А. Передайте основное содержание текста.

Text А

I ■

Noise as a Source of Environmental Annoyance

1. In recent years more attention has been given to noise and unwanted sound as another form of environmental disturbance. Excessive noise has been a part of the industrial environment for a long time — motors, metal presses, drills and heavy machinery of all types have made many factories a din of hoise since the beginning of the industrial revolution. Now, however, the public at large is subjected to increasing noise from traffic, airplanes, construction, urban crowding and we are now aware of much of this sound as a new irritant and source of environmental annoyance, Sound energy is usually measured in terms of decibels, one decibel being approximately equal to the threshold of hearing in man. A 10-fold in­crease in sound adds 10 units to the decibel scale and a 100-fold increase in sound adds 20 units. In a typical urban environment, background noise in a quiet sound-protected room generally runs 40 decibels while ordinary street noises average 70 to 80 decibels.

2. Around the home, background noise averages 40to 50 decibels, conversation produces 60 decibels, a garbage disposal 85 and a vacuum cleaner 90 decibels. Heavy city traffic at rush hour usually produces 95 to 100 decibels, and a jet aircraft taking off generates 120 to 150 decibels.

3. Medical science has recently shown that excessive noise can be a significant nervous stress. It can increase irritability and reduce job effi­ciency. In some cases it can cause changes in heart rate, blood pressure, and metabolism similar to other types of emotional anxiety and stress. Prolonged noise, above the level of 95 decibels, can also cause hearing loss and early deafness. Workers in noisy factories, construction trades and transportation jobs which have high noise levels are especially sub­ject to hearing loss.

4. A special and controversial aspect of noise pollution is the advent supersonic aircraft. They will produce «sonic booms», loud and forceful reverberations of air as the planes pass overhead. Critics of supersonic planes feel that this will be an intolerable source of sound — a new stress (hat will cost more in human irritation than it will be worth in reduced transportation times. The proponents of supersonic transportation feel (hat this is nonsense — that man will adjust to this new technologic advance as readily as he adjusted to the light bulb and motor car. Such a controversy provides another example of the difficulty of assessing the lull impact of rapidly advancing technology on the health of man and I he quality of our environment.

Упражнение 4. Просмотрите текст А и скажите, в чем трудность предотв­ращения шума.

Упражнение 5. Найдите в тексте А ответы на следующие вопросы.

1. Why has noise and unwanted sound been given more attention to? 2. What are the examples of sound disturbances measured in decibels? УWhat are the consequences of excessive noise as environmental dis- lurbance? 4. What do critics of supersonic planes say? 5. Can man adjust to this new technologic advance?

Упражнение 6. Переведите письменно абзац 4 текста А

Упражнение 7. Составьте письменно аннотацию текста А.


Упражнение 8. Прочтите следующие тексты. Найдите в них придаточные предложения и переведите их.

1. Pollution-Free Electric Car

A Japanese automobile firm has announced successful development of three-wheel electric light van for pick-up and delivery service and informed that it had started production of the car for full-scale marketing.

Recently, development work on electric cars has been accelerated in Ja­pan as a principal means of eliminating environmental damage which is caused by automobiles through air pollution and noise. The electric cars they are going to construct will be the first to be used in the streets. This car will be employed mainly for delivery of newspapers, mail and milk as it has motor and four 12-volt improved lead batteries as the power source. The vehicle, in which only a driver sits, has maximum speed of 40 kilometers per hour. If the batteries are to be charged home electricity can be used. With each charging, that takes eight hours, the electric van can run 40 kilometres. The price is about twice of conventional gasoline cars of a similar type.

2. Quieting Noisy Trucks

The acoustic properties of plastics have played a major role in helping industry to cope with standards on noise emission. And now the experi­ence which was gained over the years is being applied to the job of quiet­ing noisy trucks. We speak of trucks particularly because the diesel en­gines that carry much of the nation's freight have been identified as a source of widespread noise pollution. No truck which is noisier than an automobile should not be permitted on the road.

So it's hardly suprising that interest in plastics is on the rise. Plastics are used as sound absorbing barrier and damping materials.

The sound absorbing foam products that are installed on the top sides, and various other interior areas of the truck cabin will not transmit sounds,

Часть II

Слова к части II


 


advantage [9d'va:nticfe] nпреимущество disadvantage [/dis9d/va:ntic^] nневы­годное положение; недостаток expose [iks'pouz] vвыставлять; под­вергать (действию) exposure [iks'poija] nвыставление strain [strein] vнапрягаться

residentialareas [,rezfdenjl'еэпэг]

жилые кварталы pupil ['pju:pl] nзрачок impair [im'pea] vнарушать, повреж­дать

regard [ri'ga:d] vсчитать, рассмат­ривать

decay [di'kei] vразлагаться, разру­шаться; nразрушение, упадок


Упражнения

Упражнение 1. Подберит^ соответствующее значение к выделенным словам и переведите данные предложения.

1. There are disadvantages(неблагоприятноеположение, недоста­ток, вред) in intense urbanization. 2. The most damaging effect of noise is the disruption(крушение, раскол, руины, разрыв) of our psychic balance. 3. In our concern with other forms of environmental decay(гниение, разрушение, расстройство) we have overlooked the importance of noise control. 4. Loud, harsh and persistent noise impairs (ослабевать, ухудшать, портить) the functioning of our minds(ум, память, настроение, мнение). 5. Noise must be regarded(касаться, разглядывать, считать) far more than just an annoyance.

Упражнение 2. Прочтите текст В (10 мин). 1) Скажите, что является причиной шумового загрязнения и каковы его последствия. 2) Найдите и переведите придаточные предложения в тексте.

TextВ NoisePollution

From almost every health-related standpoint, we can say that there are disadvantages in intense urbanization. Environmental problems in­clude air pollution, sewage disposal, acquisition of safe waters, noise abatement, space for outdoor recreation, emotional stress and a host of other problems.

One of the more recently «discovered» pollutants in the modern en­vironment is noise. For the city dweller noise may be the most signifi­cant environmental pollutant. He is constantly buffeted by the noise of aircraft, trains, motorcycles, buses, machinery when he is at home and at work, his neighbour's stereo, and his neighbour's toilet flushing. One study showed that the average noise level in residential areas rose as much as 9 decibels between 1984 and 1987.

Some of the effects of noise have been known or suspected for years. Fatigue, emotional stress, and permanent loss of hearing acuity are well- documented effects. Other studies have shown that noise, either pro­longed or sudden, produces involuntary responses by the circulatory, digestive and nervous systems. Noise can cause adrenalin to be shot into l he blood as during stress and anxiety periods; it can cause the heart to heat rapidly, the blood vessels to constrict, the pupils to dilate, and the stomach, esophagus, and intestines to be seized by spasm. A three-year
study of university students showed that noise of only 7 decibels consis­tently caused constriction of the coronary arteries which supply oxygen to the heart muscle. Permanent hearing loss occurs with prolonged ex­posure to sounds of over 90 decibels.

Probably the most damaging effect of noise on the quality of human life is its disruption of our psychic balance. Loud, harsh, or persistent noise puts our nerves «on edge» so that our personal relationships are strained and often explosive, interferes with our concentration, and impairs the efficient functioning of our minds. Noise must not be re­garded as no more than just an annoyance because it is a serious threat to the quality of our lives.

In our concern with other forms of environmental decay, we have largely overlooked the importance of noise control, and noise levels continued to creep upward.1 Like any other form of pollution control, noise control will require legislated limits on noise levels, strict enforce­ment of those limits, and a personal concern2 for the rights of others to live in a decent environment.

Notes

1. to creep upward ползти вверх

2. personal concern личная заинтересованность

Упражнение 4. Прочтите нижеприведенные суждения. Найдите в тексте В предложения, более полно выражающие мысль данных суждений, и прочтите их.

1. For the city dweller noise may be an environmental pollutant. 2. The average noise level in residential areas has risen. 3. The effect of noise is the disruption of our psychic balance. 4. Noise levels continue to creep upward. 5. Like any other form of pollution noise should be controlled.

Упражнение 5. Классифицируйте поражения в зависимости от качества шума по заданной схеме.

Noise



Excessive 1. • • • • 2 Лш • • • •
Sudden la • • • 2
Prolonged 1 • • • • 2 Лт • • • •

Часть III

Контрольно-обобщающие упражнения к уроку 22

Упражнение 1. Найдите и переведите придаточные предложения, в которых отсутствует союз.

1. Any modern vehicle should be propelled by electric motors which reduce pollution and noise. 2. The price we have to pay for the unlim­ited exploration of natural resources and the pollution of the air and water is rather high. 3. Gears that are made of plastics provide greater freedom from noise and vibrations than metal gears. 4. Had we used the recently developed device we could have saved much time. 5. We know water is a vehicle for such infections as cholera, typhoid fever, dysentery and other diseases having their primary seat in the digestive tract.

(Ответ: 2, 4, 5. Если вы ошиблись, повторите § 32 Грамматичес­кого справочника.)

Упражнение 2. Прочтите текст. Найдите в тексте предложения: а) прида­точные дополнительные; б) определительные; в) обстоятельственные; г) условные. Переведитетекст.

Nutrients

Nutrients nourish our body and give us energy. Energy is the ability to do work. Our body uses energy for every action to move, to breathe, to think, to grow. Repairing body parts when we get hurt takes energy too. All this energy comes from nutrients in the food.

You know that all foods contain moisture. The solid part of food is made up mostly of carbohydrates, fats and proteins. Carbohydrates and fats supply our body with fuel for energy. If the carbohydrates and fats are not used for energy, they are stored in our body as fat. Proteins provide our body with material for growth and repair. Protein foods also contain some carbohydrates or fats. Meat always has fat with the pro­tein, even if the meat is lean; milk has both carbohydrates and fat with the protein. Vitamins and minerals are other important nutrients which help our body to function properly.

The research workers proved that a balanced diet contains all the nutrients necessary to keep us healthy. No one food supplies all the nutrients that our body needs. Because some foods are high in certain nutrients and other foods are high in other nutrients, it is important for us to eat a variety of foods.

Over half of the food we eat should be in the form of carbohydrates. Most of the carbohydrate foods should be complex ones. Sweet foods such as sugar jam, syrup, frosting, cake and candy are not a good source of carbohydrates. Our body needs vitamins and minerals to change sug­ar into energy. But refined sugar has no vitamins or minerals in it. The best sources of carbohydrates contain natural sugar or starch as well as vitamins and minerals. When we are not very active we should get most of the carbohydrates that we need from fruits and vegetables because they are low in fat.


LEARNING TO DISCUSS MEDICINE

THE SECHENOV MOSCOW MEDICAL ACADEMY

Упражнение 1. Прослушайте и повторите за диктором (преподавателем) следующие слова. Обратите внимание на ударение.

faculty ['faekdlti], university [Ju:ni'va:siti], scientist ['saiantist], sur­gery ['saufeari], surgeon ['sarcfcn], therapy ['Oerapi], therapeutist |,6erd'pju:tist], obstetrics [ab'stetriks], obstetrician [,obsta'tnfn], hy­giene ['haicfcim], pharmacology [,fa:m9'kola<fei], pharmaceutical |,fa:m9'sju:tikl]

Упражнение 2. Прослушайте и повторите за диктором (преподавателем) следующие группы однокоренных слов (гнезда слов). Определите, какой мастью речи являются слова в каждой группе и переведите их: для этого найдите и проанализируйте словообразовательные суффиксы.

surgery, surgical, surgeon; therapy, therapeutic, therapeutist; pediat­rics, pediatric, pediatrician; hygiene, hygienic, hygienist; physiology, physiological, physiologist; chemistry, chemical, chemist; to graduate, лgraduate, graduation

Упражнение 3. Назовите корневые слова, от которых образованы следую­щие производные.

foundation, graduation, preparatory, surgical, therapeutic, scientific, preventive

Упражнение 4. Прочтите и переведите текст.

The Sechenov Moscow Medical Academy

Yesterday, when we had our English lesson, the teacher said: «You nre students of the Sechenov Moscow Medical Academy. And do you know the history of our Academy?»


«Yes,» said Semenov, one of our students. «I know that our Acade­my was founded in 1758 as a faculty of the Moscow University and in 1930 it was reorganized into an independent higher learning institu­tion».

«You are quite right,» said the teacher. «The Sechenov Moscow Medical Academy, one of the oldest and biggest medical schools in Russia, was formerly the Medical Faculty of the Moscow University, founded by the great Russian scientist M.V. Lomonosov. The Universi­ty had three faculties: Philosophical, Law and Medical and only thirty students studied at these faculties. Among them were the first medical students: Sybelin, Veniaminov and Yastrebov. The students were taught by three professors of natural history, anatomy and. chemistry, respec­tively. At that time the majority of the staff were foreign professors.The first Russian professor of medicine was one of the graduates - Professor Sybelin.

By the 19th century there were six departments at the Medical Fac­ulty: the departments of anatomy, physiology, pathology, surgery, inter-* nal medicine and midwifery. The first clinical hospitals were opened in 1805. They were the hospitals of surgery and obstdtrics. By the end of the 19th century 26 departments and 12 clinical hospitals had been founded and new departments added: the departments of hygiene and anatomic pathology. ^ ' [ >( d , ; * \

The professors and students of the Medical Faculty took an active part in the political and social life of the time. The ideas of Herzen and Belinsky were very popular among the staff and students. At that time many outstanding doctors worked at the Faculty. They were: a physician AA. Ostroumov, surgeons N.V. Sklifosovsky, A A. Bobrov, P.I. Dya- konov, a neurologist A.U. Kozhevnikov, a psychiatrist S.S. Korsakov, an obstetrician-gynecologist B.F. Snegirev, a pediatrician N.F. Filatov, e physiologist I.M. Sechenov, a hygienist F.F. Erisman, and others.

At present there are many more faculties at the Academy: the Med­ical Faculty, the Faculty of Preventive Medicine, the Pharmaceutical Faculty (with an evening division), the Nursing faculty, the stomatolog­ical faculty, the military medicine faculty, the F'aeulty for Training Medical Researchers and Instruktors, as well as the post-graduate Health Care Management Faculty and the Faculty for Advanced Training of doctors and pharmacists. The head of each faculty is the Dean.

The course of training at the Academy is divided into junior and senior levels (the junior and senior divisions of the faculties, respective-

Iv). There is a six-year course of study at the Medical, Preventive Med­icine, Stomatological and Military Medicine Faculties. At the Pharma­ceutical Faculty the students are trained for five years. The course of l raining in the Nursing Faculty is four years. Over 9,000 students study at these faculties.

The Academy has more than eighty departments in various theoreti­cal and clinical specialties. The curriculum includes all the basic and clinical subjects that are necessary for the training of highly qualified physicians, surgeons, nurses and pharmacists^ At the end of each term (or semester) students take examinations. The undergraduates do a practi- cum at the clinics and teaching hospitals of the Academy. The students have all the facilities to carry on their research under the supervision of their professors. The students' scientific society plays an important role in the training of would be health care specialists.


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