ВСТУПЛЕНИЕ 14 страница

Упражнения

Упражнение 1. Навдите сказуемые в следующих предложениях. Определите их время и залог.

1. All control patients were receiving oxygen over a period of two hours.

2. In order to analyse the changes in recumbent B.P. (blood pressure) after the analgetic injections, the patients have been considered in two groups.

3. 8 or 9 patients who were being injected pentazocine for ten minutes showed a rise of B.P. 4. Other studies have suggested that pentazocine pro­duces less sedation than the narcotics. 5. The patient had signs of severe congestive failure due to aortic insufficiency. 6. When the attendant physi­cian entered the ward, patient P. was being injected aminophylline intrave­nously.

Упражнение 2. Напишите исходные слова к нижеприведенным производ­ным и переведите их.

inside, specialized, irritation, respiratory, eventually, mucopurulent, inflammation, bacterid, staining, to discharge

Упражнение 3. Прочтите и переведите данные гнезда слов.

1. bronchus - bronchitis, bronchi, bronchial, bronchiectasis |,broQki'ektdsis]; 2. to irritate - irritation, irritative; 3. to infect - in­fected, infection, infectious

Упражнение 4. Прочтите и переведите следующие предложения и словосочетания.

1. bronchial tree; 2. the smoke irritates my eyes; a muscle contracts when irritated by electricity; 3. to be infected with diphtheria; to spread by infection; infection may be carried through the air

Упражнение 5. Просмотрите текст А. Передайте основное содержание каждой части. /

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JI

Упражнение 6. Найдите в тексте А ответы на следующие вопросы и считайте их.

1. Is the upper or lower part of the respiratory tract affected more often? 2. What happens to the mucous membrane when it is being inflamed? 3. What does the term «catarrh» indicate and what is the condition of catarrhal inflammation characterized with? 4. What causes bronchitis? 5. What are the symptoms of chronic bronchitis?

Text A

» i

Infections of the Respiratory Tract

1. While the slides were being prepared the lecturer announced the i heme to be discussed. He said: «The respiratory tract is subject to infec­tion more frequently than any other part of the body. Respiratory infec-

i

I ions stand third as a cause of deaths; they lead all other causes between ages of fifteen and thirty-five. The upper portion of the respiratory tract,

(he nose, throat and trachea, are affected more often than the lower, the

♦

bronchi and lungs. The deeper the inflammation, the more serious are its consequences; pneumonia is frequently fatal/Inflammation of the deeper respiratory structures results from a downw^d extension of a compara- lively harmless inflammation in the upper structures.»

_/;» , ЧастьII I

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СловакчастиII

widespread ['waidspred] ашироко congestion [kan'cfcestfn] n застой

распространенный congestive [ksn'cfeestiv] азастойный

danger ['denied] nопасность headache ['hedeik] nголовнаяболь

dangerousа опасный moist [moist] а сырой, влажный

drug [drAg] nлекарство moisten ['moisn] vувлажнять aggravate ['aegraveit] vухудшать(ся)

Упражнения

Упражнение 1. Прочтите текст В (10 мин.). 1) Разделите его на смысловые части. 2) Найдите и переведите глаголы-сказуемые во временах группы Continuousв действительном и страдательном залоге.

Text В

' "f^ : Tobacco and its Effects

Tobacco smoking is ^ probably the most widespread and dangerous" drug usage. The cigarette consumption has generally been subject to certain factors. For example, the greatest increases in smoking have occurred during wars. '

The main reason for this periodic increase was that the population in ^ general experienced increased tension. Another reason for this increase during wartime was that young soldiers were being introduced to smok­ing as a tension reliever. ^ ; / r,!^

Despite public information campaigns on the subject, too few smok­ers realize the degree and extent of damage to their bodies associated with cigarette smoking.

Minor ailments directly related to sntoking compete with the com­mon cold¹ as major causes of the time lost from work and studies.

Recently, studies of large groups of people have shown that cigarette smokers are more likely to die of certain cardiovascular diseases than nonnsmokers. A cause and effect association has theoretically been es- jdblished between cigarette smoking and incidence of coronary attacks in humans, especially men between 35 and 55 years of age. The risk of death in male cigarette smokers in relation to non-smokers is greater in middle age than in old age. Smoking is being increasingly linked to the development of respiratory diseases, such as bronchitis and emphysema, Air pollution and respiratory infections as well as smoking cause and aggravate chronic bronchitis and emphysema. v & t \ <i ₍.

^S I J

0 ; l \Normal lung tissue Emphysema

Fig. 15.Alveoli in normal lung tissue and emphysema.

i

Smokers are not only polluting their own air with their cigarettei but are subjecting non-smokers, who make up three quarters of the popula­tion, to nearly the same health risk. Subjected to the effects of side- stream smoke, non-smokers may breathe in many of the toxic chemi­cals of the cigarette from the environment they are in and are, in fact, «passively smoking». «Side-stream smoke» produced from the burning end of the cigarette contains very high concentrations of toxic chemi­cals which are usually ^perceived as unpleasant by both smokers and non-smokers._# PQ'j/ -^mq^ ^kЛ. Ui- • ^

Allergic reaction to smoke is common. Asthma, chronic bronchitis, emphysema or ischemic heart disease sufferers reactions to

passive smoking that range from mild nasal congestion and eye irrita­tion to headache, dermatitis and even a few life-threatening asthmatic attacks. People with advanced respiratory and cardiac breath literally light for life. ^; A: ^

Tobacco contains more than hundred known chemical compounds including nicotine. Some of the substances found in tobacco remain in the ashels of a burned cigarette; others are greatly changed during the burning process. (Moreover, additional compounds are being produced during combustion, and it is some of these materials that are of great concern to scientists and physicians^ The composition of the cigarette smoke that enters the human body has been the primary aim of most analytical studies. ^{4 c} a>u' ^j ,₍?r <u<' t.

Nicotine and at least 15 o^het compounds found in cigarette smoke are known to be cancerogerls - cancer-causing substances. When a person inhales cigarette smoke, the smoke is passing down the trachea (windpipe) to the branchial tubes and into the lungs. Autopsies of hundreds of human lungs have shown that it is precisely in these areas of maximum, exposure that precancerous changed are most likely to

uppear.

Thus there are some relationships between smoking, lung cancer, and many other respiratory conditions. Furthermore, cigarette smoke is it­self an irritant. Heavy smokers feel this irritation in their throats and will be developing «smoker's cough» after a few years of smoking.

Notes

1. commoncoldпростуда

Упражнение 2. Найдите в тексте В предложения, более полно выражающие мысль данных суждений, и прочтите их.

1. The cigarette consumption has been subject to certain factors. 2. Few smokers realize the degree of damage to their bodies associated with cigarette smoking. 3. Allergic reaction to smoke is common. 4. Ta- bacco contains hundred chemical compounds. 5. Cigarettesmokeisanirritant.

Упражнение 3. Используя нижеприведенные слова и предыдущее упраж­нение в качестве плана, изложите основное содержание текста В.

for example, despite, recently, in fact, moreover, at least, to be likely, also, thus, furthermore

Часть III

Контрольно-обобщающее упражнение к уроку 17

Укажите, в каких предложениях глагол-сказуемое стоит в форме страда­тельного залога во временах группы Continuous.

1. Neither antibiotic was being used in the course of treatment. 2. Now everything is done to prevent respiratory diseases. 3. 10 of twenty exper­imental patients who thought that they were inhaling irritants or allergens developed chronic asthma. 4. We were giving penicillin to the patients with bronchitis from April to May and came to the conclusion that it is not helpful in this case. 5. A new drug is being tested successfully at the Department of clinical pharmacology. 6. The percentage of patients with serum hepatitis has been increasing since the first publication,

(Ответ: 1, 5. Если вы ошиблись, повторите § 14 Грамматическо­го справочника.)

LESSONEIGHTEEN------------------------------------------------------

JAUNDICE. PEPTICULCER

Повторение: Модальные глаголыcan, may, mustи их эквиваленты (§ 17)

Упражнения

Упражнение 1. Напишите следующие предложения: а) в прошедшем нремени; б) в будущем времени. Переведитепредложения.

1. You must follow all the new important medical researches in your Held. 2. By means of spirometry the dynamic lung volumes may be assessed without difficulty. 3. He must investigate a series of case reports before the lecture. 4. You may take your analyses in the laboratory. 5. Chronic inha­lation of cadmium fumes can cause chronic progressive emphysema.

Упражнение 2. Переведите следующие предложения с модальными глаголами:can, could, may, might, must, shall.

1. We could not detect any antibiotic activity in the sputum of our patients. 2. The pre-treatment strains of two patients may be assumed 10 be sensitive to streptomicin. 3. Thinking about asthma or hearing a description of an attack can even provoke asthma. 4. Every physician must know the pathology of chronic bronchitis and emphysema. S. Heavy physical activity shall not be resumed within the first three months after an attack of myocardial infarction. 6. Professor explained lhat dogs inhaling cigarette smoke over long periods might develop lung damage.

Упражнение 3.Дайтеисходныесловакнижеприведеннымпроизводным, simulation, population, lining, investigation, accompanying

Упражнение 4. Прочтите и переведите данные гнезда слов.

1. to investigate — investigator, investigation, investigatory; 2. bile - biliary, bile-stained, bile-stone; 3. to complicate - complicated, un­complicated, complication; 4. serum — sera, serous

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Упражнение 5. Прочтите и переведите данные словосочетания.

г. ^

' ' , - • ^ с ,, ■ ^

, I . _t^ I

bile duct, bile colic (calculus), complicated system (problem, mech­anism, apparatus), complicated disease „ ' , (N • ₍, ■ ,

Упражнение 6. Просмотрите текст А и скажите, сколько типов желтухи описано в тексте.

f, ' '< * (..Л -* А. А». I АЛ. .

^J ' 'i tet A

/ Jaundice v ,

JbvuM f

\. Perhaps the most obvious symptom that may iesult from disease of the liver or biliary passages is jaundice, and the estimation of the level of bilirubin in the serum is to be therefore frequently carried out in the investigation of a case of liver disease! V« _c. f>)

2. The fact that sera from different cases of jaundice can give different types of reaction has been used as a basis for differentiating between different types of jaundice. Jaundice should be divided into three main types, viz.: obstructive jaundice, hepatocellular or «toxic» jaundice (with or without some degree of accompanying obstruction) and haemolytic jaundice. In uncomlicated obstructive jaundice, liver function is largely or wholly normal, so that the bile pigments are excreted normally into the bile passages; but owing to the presence of some obstruction (either a stone impacted in the common bile duct, or obliteration of the duct by a carcinoma of the head of the pancreas) the bile is unable to enter the duodenum and has instead to be re-absorbed into the circulation. In hepatocellular jaundice the function of the liver cells is changed so that they can not excrete the normal amount of bile pigment reaching them in the blood stream. In this case bilirubin level gradually rises. Iri haemolytic jaundice the excessive amounts of bile pigment (which aite formed as a result of the excessive red cell destruction) are incompletely excreted by the liver cells and have been re-absorbed from the obstruc­tive bile passages. In hepatocellular or obstructive jaundice the excess of circulating pigment has not passed through the liver cells.

Упражнение 7. Просмотрите текст А и найдите предложения, в которых описываются симптомы каждого типа желтухи.

Упражнение 8. Найдите в тексте ответы на следующие вопросы и зачи­тайте их.

1. What procedure has to be performed to diagnose a liver disease? 2. How can a doctor differentiate between the types of jaundice? 3. How

^{1 :>}'-^,f. i ' Ъг&хт18 -0- 191

*

many types of jaundice are there? 4. How does the function of the liver change in the cases of hepatocellular jaundice?

Упражнение 9. Прочтите и переведите данные слова.

perhaps, the fact that..., viz. (videlicet), so ... that, whereas

Упражнение 10.Составьте план текста А письменно.

Упражнение 11. Перепишите схему в тетрадь. Дополните ее.

JAUNDICE

1. obstructive 2. hepatocellular 3. haemolytic

SYMPTOMS ^U ^ 4

1. " ^^ ^ Г^ 'O.r,UXjUDlС

Упражнение 12. Заполнитепропускимодальнымиглаголамиcan, could; may, might; must; should.

1. If you are ill you ... consult a physician and ... do what he says. ЛSince one pack of 20 cigarettes contains 30 mg of cadmium, it is possible that chronic inhalation of cigarette smoke ... lead to an en­hanced cadmium intake. 3. The patient who receives the blood of the diseased donor ... develop a positive test for the hepatitis antigen shortly iilter transfusion. 4. This patient had received 1 unit of blood at opera- lion and ... have viral hepatitis. 5. The patients with jaundice ... be Immediately transferred to an infectious hospital. 6. Sera from appar­ently healthy blood donors ... be always tested for the presence of hep- iititits antigen.

Упражнение 13. Переведите следующие предложения с модальными II л голами и их эквивалентами.

1. Infectious hepatitis with a short incubation period can also be nansmitted during blood transfusion. 2. There is experimental evidence i hat the passive administration of Ig.G antibody interferes with the syn­thesis of Ig.M antibody and in this way is able to alter the immune icsponse. 3. Some researchers suggest that the. differences between se- nim hepatitis and infective hepatitis might depend on whether a com­mon causative agent is or not bound by antibody. 4. The strong associ- Hlion of the hepatitis antigen with acute viral hepatitis increases the

suspicion that donor blood containing the antigen may be infectious. 5. You should take the drug three times a day before meals. 6. We had to examine samples from normal subjects who had been exposed to hepatitis. 7. Convalescent sera from patients with hepatitis may contain trace amounts of antibody and require further study. 8. 10 patients were to be studied with a clinical picture quite compatible with acute hepati­tis. 9. We were allowed to follow up sera in 27 of 49 experimental patients with positive reactions for hepatitis.

Часть II

Слова к части II

ulcer[aIss]nязва condition [ksn'dijn] nсостояние, ус­ловие; зд. Заболевание ascribe [a'skraib] vприписывать recognize ['reksgnaiz] vраспознавать

respectively [ris'pektivli]advсоотве- ственно

complain [kdm'plein] v (of)жаловать­ся (на)

heartburn ['ha:tbs:n] n изжогаsuppress [sd'pres] v подавлять

Упражнения

Упражнение 1. Определите значения указанных слов в данных словосочс таниях и предложениях.

1. condition - состояние, условие, заболевание; in good, bad con dition; under favourable conditions; Ulcer is a common condition i any country. The patient is in a critical condition.

2. to recognize — распознавать, признавать; An emotional stress a commonly recognized factor. The disease is easily recognized.

Упражнение 2. Прочтите текст В (10 мин). 1) Разделите его на смыслов! части. 2) Найдите и переведите предложения с модальными глаголами их заменителями.

TextВ PepticUlcer

There have been many bad jokes about ulcers, but the man who 1 one really considers it not a laughing matter. Ulcer is a common con tion.

What causes ulcers? A peptic ulcer, as the name says, is an erosioi the lining of the digestive tract as a result of the action of the enzj

pepsin. An increase in the acid content of the gastric juice starts pepsin digesting the mucosa. Most of the symptoms are ascribed to the high degree of acidity of the juice. Not all persons with hyper-acidity must develop ulcers. The second, commonly recognized factor is emotional stress. Emotional stress produces conditions especially favourable to ul­cer formation. Peptic ulcer disease can be called a psychosomatic dis­ease; an actual bodily ailment, produced, or at least aggravated, by the mental and emotional state.

There are two very distinctive varieties of peptic ulcer - gastric and duodenal. Although they are found in two different places-the stomach and the duodenum respectively — they look alike and cause similar distress. Gastric ulcer is caused by the hormone gastrin, secreted during the gastric phase of digestion. Distention of the stomach lining causes gastrin to be secreted from the antrum; gastrin in turn stimulates the gastric glands to work overtime. Gastric ulcers bleed into the stomach and may actually perforate the stomach wall.

Duodenal ulcer, found in the first ten inches of the small intestine, is lour times as common as gastric ulcer. This is the «ulcer of stress» mentioned earlier, though the psychic factor is also present in other forms. The patient usually complains of a pain and «heartburn» after meals (within the first hour in case of gastric ulcer, from three to four hours after meal in duodenal ulcer). Besides the pain which the patient is often unable to bear, he may also suffer from frequent vomiting. If the gastric juice shows an abnormal concentration of HCL, the diagnosis is practically certain.

Since the secretion of gastric juice is excessive in all forms of peptic ulcer, proper diet should be neccessary for the suppression of secretion. This means lhat the diet, instead of being appetizing, has to be monotonous, in order to suppress the appetite juce. Meat and alcohol are to be forbidden.

Notes

HCL hydrochloric acid солянаякислота

Упражнение 4. Найдите в тексте В предложения, более полно выражающие, мысль данных суждений, и прочтите их вслух.

1. Ulcer is a common condition. 2. The first cause of peptic ulcer is an increase in the acid content of the gastric juice. 3. Not all persons with hyperacidity develop ulcers. 4. Gastric ulcer may perforate the stomach wall. 5. Duodenal ulcer is the ulcer of stress. 6. The proper diet should be nesessary for normal secretion.

f846

Упражнение 5. Просмотрите еще раз текст В и выпишите предложения, несущие, на ваш взгляд, наиболее важную информацию.

Упражнение 6. Передайте краткое содержание текста, используя предыдущие упражнения и слова к тексту В.

Часть III

Контрольно-обобщающие упражнения к уроку 18

Упражнение 1. Укажите, в каких предложениях модальные глаголы или их эквиваленты выражают долженствование.

1. As the proportion of low titre sera was so high among hepatitis patients, the percentages of anticomplementary sera had to be calcu­lated. 2. You should use ampicillin intramuscularly for treatment of this infection. 3. Donors with a history of hepatitis are not allowed to give blood. 4. Two of 18 patients were to receive spaced transfusions during their hospitalization. 5. Since the antibodies in commercial y- globulin have a half-life of about 32 days, high levels of hepatitis «ап-тtibody» from the two injections must be present in the majority of patients.

(Ответ: 1, 2, 4, 5. Если вы ошиблись, повторите § 17 Граммати-f

4 .

ческого справочника.)

Упражнение 2.Найдите в левой колонке перевод слов из правой колонки.

j

1. tobringabout 1. обращаться к кому-л.; применять

2. lesion 2. конкурирующий, конкурсный

3. to apply 3. еда, принятие пищи

4. application 4. быть причиной, вызывать

5. competitive 5. гниение, разложение, гнилость

6. putrefaction 6. рана, поражение ¹

7. a meal 7. применение

(Ответ: 1-4, 2-6, 3-1, 4-7, 5-2, 6-5, 7-3.)

Упражнение 3. Прочтите данные предложения и скажите, соответствуют ли действительности упоминаемые в них факты.

1. Both duodenal and gastric ulcers are caused by hypersecretion of gastric juice. 2. Gastric digestion is brought about by putrefaction. 3. Pure pancreatic juice or bile alone can produce a destruction of inucosa. 4. In the interval between meals minimal secretion of gastric

juice occurs in healthy individuals. 5. Physiologic mechanism of regu­lating gastric secretion has been worked out by experimental studies on higher animals.

LESSONNINETEEN

KIDNEYDISEASES

Повторение: Функции причастий (§§ 20, 21)

Часть I

Слова к части I

mild [maild]а мягкий, слабый pyelonephritis [,pai9lane'fraitis] п пи­елонефрит ultimate[Altimit]а последний, ко­нечный

malaise [mae'leiz] п недомогание sign [sain] п признак, симптом; знак incise [in'saiz] vделать разрез, раз­резать

incision [in'si3n] п разрез, надрез outcome ['autksm] п результат, исход

Упражнения

Упражнение 1. Прочтите и переведите следующий текст. Найдите пред- ножения, где употребляются I и II формы причастий.

Patients with diseases requiring very large numbers of blood transfu­sions are presumably exposed to hepatitis repeatedly and might be ex­pected to possess antibody against the hepatitis virus(es) or its products. When employing sera from such repeatedly transfused individuals as untisera, Blumberg et al. found an antigen in the serum of an Australian aborigine which has become known as the Australia antigen. On the basis of population studies it was originally proposed that the Australia antigen was another example of a genetically determined human trait. Recently, however, the association of the Australia antigen with viral hepatitis has been appreciated, and it now appears that the observations reported on the occurrence of this factor can be explained on an infec- lious basis. Using similar methods, Prince has reported the finding of an antigen in patients with serum-hepatitis (S.H. antigen), it being absent in patients with infectious hepatitis.

As previously mentioned, it seems likely that the Australia antigen and the S.H. antigen are related, but uncertainty exists as to whether I hey are immunologically identical or only similar.

We have detected a specific antigen in a high percentage (80%) of patients with both forms of viral hepatitis. Patients studied were from the wards and clinics of the Presbyterian, Francis Delafield, and Har­lem Hospitals of New York City. Clinical diagnoses were established on the basis of history, physical findings, and laboratory values, routine laboratory tests being performed in the clinical laboratories of the re­spective hospitals by standard techniques.

Упражнение 2. Прочтите и переведите данные слова. Запомнитеихзначение.

severe, anorexia, variable, albumin, calculus (pi. calculi) radiopaque, thigh, spontaneously, descent, morphine

Упражнение 3. Прочтите и переведите данные однокоренные слова.

1. ultimate, ultimately; 2. thigh, thigh-bone; 3. sign, to sign, signal, signature, sign-board; 4. to incise, incised, incision, incisive

Упражнение 4. Просмотрите текст А. Передайте основное содержание текста.

Text АStones in the Kidneys

1. Clinical manifestation. In many instances stones are carried in the kidneys for years producing no symptoms. More commonly, a mild in­fection develops in the pelvis about the stone and gradually involves the cortex of the kidney until a severe pyelonephritis develops. If the stone is laige, or several are present, the infection may progress to a pyelonephro- sis, resulting in the destruction and ultimate loss of the kidney. Mild fever, pain, malaise and anorexia are usually present. Pus and a variable amount of albumin are present in the urine. Such symptoms as frequency of urination and mild burning pain usually accompany infection of this type. The diagnosis of renal calculi can be made by an X-ray film since most of these stones contain sufficient calcium to be radiopaque.

2. The most dramatic manifestation of renal calculi is renal colic brought about by the entrance of a stone into the ureter and its passage downward to the bladder. The pain described usually radiates downward toward the thigh. Hematuria is a constant symptom and is an important diagnostic sign.

3. While passing slowly, the stone may develop infection and pus as well as bacteria will be found in the urine. Fever is absent except the instances when the obstruction is present long enough to allow the de­velopment of infections. On rare occasions the stone produces sufficient ulceration in the ureter during its passage. Differentiation of renal colic From other acute abdominal conditions can usually be made by urine examination, and X-ray.

4.Treatment. Unless the renal stone is «silent», treatment should be directed toward its removal. Most stones having entered the ureter will pass spontaneously into the bladder by the prescuption of conservative treatment such as forcing fluid, sedation, etc. During the attack of colic analgetics may be required to control the pain; if after many days, there is no evidence of progression in the descent of the stone, ureteral catheterisation may be used in dislodging it. On rare occa­sions an operation (usually extra-peritoneal with incision into the ure­ter) should be performed to remove the stone. Large stones in the kidney cannot be passed by way of the ureter and if symptoms are produced operation is necessary. If the stones are present in both kid­neys, it is usually preferable to operate first on the kidney with the poorer function, since the operation may produce a temporary anuria; if the better kidney is the one operated on first, and temporary anuria results, a fatal outcome may follow.

Упражнение 5. Просмотрите текст А еще раз и перечислите основные симптомы и способы лечения мочекаменной болезни.

Упражнение 6. Найдите в тексте А ответы на следующие вопросы и зачитайте их.

1. Do stones in kidneys usually produce pyelonephritis? 2. What symp­toms help to diagnose renal calculi? 3. What is renal colic and how does it manifest? 4. When is conservative treatment used in cases of renal calculi? 5. What kidney is operated on first if the stones are present in both of them and why?