ВСТУПЛЕНИЕ 9 страница

Упражнение 13. Переведите на английский язык.

1. Дыхание — это процесс, включающий ритмично повторяющи­еся вдох и выдох. 2. На мышцы, которые участвуют в процессе дыхания, воздействуют нервные импульсы. 3. Когда диафрагма опус­кается, размер грудной клетки увеличивается. 4. Во время выдоха объем грудной клетки уменьшается, и давление в легких увеличи­вается. 5. Физическая нагрузка обычно сопровождается ускорен­ным дыханием.

f_v\ • Часть II

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Слова к части II

excite [ik'sait] vвозбуждать cough [kof] vкашлять

excitation [,eksi'teijn]nвозбуждениеcoughingnкашель

cease [si:s] vпрекращать(ся)

arise [a'raiz] vвозникать, появляться

deep [di:p] а глубокий

depth [depG] nглубина

evident[ evidant] а очевидный, явный

state [steit] nсостояние sneeze [sni-.z] vчихать sneezingnчихание adjust [a'djAst] vприспособлять, со­гласовывать alter['э:кэ] vизменять(ся) alteration [,o:lt9'reiJn] nизменение

Упражнения

Упражнение 1. Используя суффиксы-tion, -ate, -ly, -al, -ing,образуйте производные от следующих слов. Переведитеих.

to inhibit, stimulus, automatic, reflex, spine, to relax, to excite, to cough, to sneeze, to alter

Упражнение 2. Просмотрите текстВ (10 мин). 1) Выделите 4 основные фактора в процессе дыхания, описанные в тексте. 2) Найдите и переве­дите: а) предложения, где причастия выполняют функцию обстоятель­ства; б) предложения с независимым причастным оборотом; в) предло­жения со словамиboth, both...and.

Text В

Regulation of Respiration.

Nervous Control of Breathing

The mechanism of regulation of respiration is very complex. Sche­matically it is as follows. In the medulla oblongata there is the respi­ratory centre. In the respiratory centre both excitation and inhibition continuously alternate. When excited it transmits impulses to the spinal cord and hence along nerves to the respiratory muscles; the latter contract and an inhalation takes place. When the respiratory centre is in a state of inhibition the transmission of impulses to the respiratory muscles ceases, the muscles relax and an exhalation re­sults.

The specific stimulus of the respiratory centre is carbon dioxide. As soon as the blood accumulates a certain amount of carbon dioxide, the respiratory centre becomes excited and an inhalation takes place. During inhalation the lungs expand, which stimulates the endings of the vagus nerve embedded in the tissue of the lungs. While arising in the recep­tors the exeitation is transmitted along the vagus nerve to the respira­tory centre and inhibits it, and an exhalation results. Thus respiration is automatically regulated; an inhalation stimulates an exhalation, and the exhalation brings about an accumulation of carbon dioxide which stimulates an inhalation.

Respiration is subjected to the control of the cerebral cortex; this being demonstrated by the fact that a person can voluntarily hold his breath for a very short time or change both the rate and depth of respiration. Corti­cal regulation of respiration is also evident in the acceleration of respira­tion during emotional states. Protective acts, such as coughing and sneez­ing, are associated with respiration. Both of them are performed reflexly; the centres of the reflexes are situated in the medulla oblongata.

Nervous control of breathing. The muscles of breathing have no inde­pendent or automatic rhythm, they contract only responding to impuls­es from the brain down the spinal cord. These impulses arise and are coordinated in a specialised area in the brain, the respiratory centre, which is in the medulla. The medulla is at the base of the brain and is a bulbous continuation of the spinal cord within the skull. The respiratory centre has to adjust the volume of air breathed and to maintain a uni­form alkalinity of the blood; the centre effects the reciprocal alteration both of inspiration and expiration.

Упражнение 4. Прочтите данные суждения. Найдите в тексте В предложе­ния, более полно выражающие мысль суждений, и прочтите их.

1. In the respiratory centre excitation and inhibition alternate. 2. Dur­ing inhalation the lungs expand. 3. Respiration is automatically regulated. 4. The cortical regulation of respiration is evident. 5. Protective acts are performed reflexly. 6. The muscles of breathing contract responding to impulses from the brain.

Часть III

Контрольно-обобщающие упражнения к уроку 8

Упражнение 1. Найдите и переведите предложения, где причастие I выполняет функцию обстоятельства.

1. We were talking about coming exams. 2. When the ribs are elevat­ed by the inspiratory muscles they are drawn toward a horizontal plane thus increasing the anteroposterior diameter of the thorax. 3. Having obtained the nesessary results the scientists used them in their future works. 4. When considering neurogenic factors that regulate local blood flow one thinks of sympathetic non-adrenergic nerves.

(Ответ: 2, 3, 4. Если вы ошиблись, повторите § 20 Грамматичес­кого справочника.)

Упражнение 2. Найдите и переведите предложения, где причастие II иыполняет функцию обстоятельства.

1. When excised the lungs were not allowed to collapse completely. 1. Any pressure applied to a body is opposed by an equal pressure developed by the body. 3. The stability of the lung tissues is indicated hy their behaviour when freed by surface influences.4.As mentioned ut the previous lecture next theme will be devoted to nervous control of breathing. 5. Inspiration enlargement of the anteroposterior and lateral diameters of the chest is accomplished through the contraction of muscles.

(Ответ: 1, 3, 4. Если вы ошиблись, повторите § 21 Грамматичес­кого справочника.)

Упражнение 3. Найдите и переведите предложения с независимым мричастным оборотом.

1. Respiration is usually either an automatic or a reflex act, each expiration sending up afferent, sensory impulses to the central nervous system. 2. It is impossible to cause death voluntarily holding the breath, 3. The air passes rhythmically into and out of the air passages, and mixes with the air already in the lungs, these two movements being known as inspiration and expiration. 4. The increase of the chest in size is due to the diaphragm, whose muscular fibres by their contraction are pushing down the abdominal organs.

(Ответ: 1,3. Если вы ошиблись, повторите § 22 Грамматического справочника.)

Упражнение 4, Укажите и переведите предложения, где словоbothявляется п) частью составного союза; б) местоимением.

1. Modern scientists have been successful in the use of fibrinolytic therapy in both ball and disc mitral prosthesis. 2. When the diaphragm is released both lungs collapse by their own elasticity and expel the air. УThe decrease in thoracic size during expiration is accomplished both by release of physical stresses and by active participation of contracting muscles. 4. Both these methods of examining the lungs are frequently used. 5. During forced expiration the contraction of the abdominal muscles allows both external and internal intercostals to act as expirato­ry muscles.

(Ответ:a) 1, 3, 5; 6) 2, 4. Если вы ошиблись, повторите § 40 I рамматического справочника.)

Упражнение 5. Выберите правильное значение выделенных слов.

1. A change in conditions(а) состояние, б) условие) affects the activities(а) активность, б) деятельность) of all organs. 2. Work causes (а) вызывать, б) заставлять) an increase in the metabolism. 3. A disturbance in the respiratory rhythm results from(а) являтьсярезуль­татом, б) приводитьк) decreased excitability of the respiratory centre. 4. This is accompanied(а) сопровождаться, б) вызываться) by various disturbances in the activities of the organism. 5. Under some conditions the gaseous interchange in the lungs decreases(а) увеличиваться, б) умень­шаться).

(Ответ: la, б; 2a; За; 4a; 56.)

LESSON NINE

DIGESTION

1. Инфинитив в функции подлежащего и обстоятельства (§ 25)

2. Конструкция сравнения the ... the ... (§ 4)

3. Функции и перевод слов due, dueto(§ 39)

Часть I

Слова к части I

nutrient ['njuitrisnt]а питательный;

п питательное вещество nutritious [nju:'tri/ds]а питательный deliver [diTivs] vдоставлять, пере­давать

soluble ['soljubl]а растворимый insolubleа нерастворимый solution [sd'lu:Jn] п раствор connect [ks'nekt] vсоединять(ся),

связываться) connection[кз'пек/п] п соединение,

связь, присоединение connective [ks'nektiv]а соединитель­ный, связующий according [a'ko:dir)] toprepсогласно,

в соответствии с bacterium[Ьаек'Пзпзт](pi.bacteria[ЬаекЧюпэ]) п бактерия

vomitive[ vomitiv] п рвотное (сред­ство)

vomitory[Vomitan]а рвотный nutrition [nju:'trijn] п питание, пища nutritive ['nju-.tntiv]а питательный,

пищевой split [split] vрасщеплять ascend [a'send] vподниматься protein ['proutiin] nпротеин, белок remain [rfmein] vоставаться remainder [ri'meinds] nостаток undergo [,Andd'gou] vиспытывать, переносить, подвергаться чему-л. exist [igzist] vсуществовать, быть,

находиться existence [igzistans] nсуществование prevent [pri'vent] vпредотвращать, предохранять, предупреждать

*

exception [ik'sepjn] nисключениеprevention [pri'venfn] nпредотвраще- vomit ['vomit] vстрадать рвотой, ние, предохранение, предупреж- вырвать; п рвота дение

Упражнения

Упражнение 1. Найдите формы инфинитива в следующих предложениях. Переведитепредложения.

1. Spontaneous respiration was chosen to permit the development of pulmonary edema and alveolar collapse. 2. To determine progressive lung damage in this case was rather difficult. 3. To give first aid one must learn the basic first aids rules. 4. It is useful to summarize very briefly what is known about the elastic properties of elastin and col­lagen. 5. Experiments were made to observe the effects of temperature upon the respiratory process.

Упражнение 2. Заполните пропуски подходящими по смыслу прилага- к-льнымиsooner, less, more.Переведитеданныепредложения.

1. The ... people are physically trained, the ... oxygen they have in i heir blood. 2. The ... appetizing the food is, the ... amount of secretion кcauses. 3. The ... time you spend in the sanatorium, the ... you will recover after the illness. 4. The ... capacity of the thorax decreases, the . the lungs become compressed.

Упражнение 3. Переведите следующие предложения со словамиdue, dueto.

1. A diffusion block due to pulmonary edema or the opening up of iiiteriovenous anastomoses in the lungs is the usual event. 2. In one of ihese animals death was due to sudden asystole. 3. The apnea in these animals was due to inadequate blood flow and oxygen availability to vital centres in the central nervous system. 4. The lecture on physiology of respiration was delivered in due time. 5. Traumatic diseases are due i оdirect physical injury.

Упражнение 4.Отработайте чтение следующих слов, переведите их.

digestive [di'cfcestiv], nutrients ['njurtrisnts], lymphatic [lim'faetik], esophagus [I'sofagss], enzymes [in'zaimz], area['еэпэ], stomach ['sUm- ok], glucose [glu:kouz], carbohydrates ['ka:bou'haidrits]

Упражнение 5. Запомните значение следующих суффиксов. Образуйте слова согласно данным моделям. Переведите эти слова.

1. Прилагательное (существительное) +-ify= глагол, имеющий значение «производить действие»: classкласс —toclassifyклассы- фицироват ь.

pure, intensive, solid, note, sign

2. Прилагательное +-ty (-ity, -ety)= существительное, обозна­чающее состояние, положение: extremeкрайний —extremityконеч­ность.

equal, proper, human, dense, immune, certain Упражнение 6.Прочтите и переведите данные гнезда слов.

1. nutrient (п, a), nutritive, nutrition, nutritional; 2. to dissolve, solu­tion, soluble, insoluble, solvent; 3. to vary, variant, various, variable, variability; 4. bacterium, bacterial, bacteriology, bacteriologist; 5. (to) vomit, vomiting, vomitive; 6. to digest, to ingest, digestive, digestion

/ | Л - •■ / / - - , сп

Г ; " it.',-, ■ \ • - j

Упражнение 7. Просмотрите текст А. Разделите текст на 3 части и озаг­лавьте их.

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1 / ' \ У

: TextА

о '

The Digestive System and the Process of Digestion and Absorption

1. The present text is given to explain the processes of digestion and absorption. The more we know about them, the better we shall under-

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stand how important these processes are.

2. Every cell of the human body requires certain chemical nutrients in the fluids that^ surround it. In order to supply these nutrients, the body must breai clown complex foods into molecules small enough to pass through tissues, enter the blood stream or lymphatic systems, and be delivered in a soluble form to the various body cells. This break of insoluble forms is known as digestion; the passage of such 'substances into the blood stream or lymph is known as absorption.

3. The human digestive tract is a long, muscular tube (up to 25 feet in length) that begins at the mouth and ends at the anus. This tube consists of the oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, small intestine, and laige intestine.

4. Several glands, located outside the digestive tract, are also import tant in the digestive process. Our tast is to describe them in detail.

These glands, known as accessory glands, are connected by ducts to the digestive tube. These accesory glands include the salivary glands,:

Food qnters the

____ ±____

Small intestine i

Large intestine

I

Anus

~r

Feces leave the body

Fig. 9.Pathway of food through the digestive tract.

liver, gall-bladder and the pancreas. Each gland produces secretions i hat function in the digestive process, and each is therefore part of the digestive system. ,_/V с / ■ o( , t-f: i

5. The process of digestion is due to the activity of many enzymes, chemicals, and physical processes within the digestive tract. According to I he area in which digestion is carried on, these digestive processes may be classified as salivary digestion, when occurring in the mouth; gastric di­gestion in the stomach; and intestinal digestion in the small intestine. In I he large intestine (the last section of the digestive tube) no digestion takes place. Here water is absorbed, bacteria grow, and the unabsorbed solid-residue wastes of digestion collect and are excreted as feces.

6. The absorption means the passage of digested foods through the lining of the intestines into the blood or lymph. Practically all absorp­tion takes place in the small intestine. A few drugs and alcohol are absorbed through the walls of the stomach, but no foods. Glucose is an exception, but it must be present in such high concentrations as to cause vomiting. Furthermore, we eat very little glucose, which is formed mainly in the small intestine due to the action of the dissaccharide-
splitting enzymes. Therefore, absorption of food does not normally oc­cur through the stomach walls.

7. Water is absorbed throughout the length of the small intestine and also, as has been noted, in the ascending limb of the colon. With nor­mal digestion, between 95 and 100 per cent of all carbohydrates, fats, and animal proteins are absorbed. Plant proteins, such as beans or peas, are protected by the plant cell membrane, so that only 60 to 70 per cent are absorbed. The remaining 30 to 40 per cent undergo bacterial de­composition in the intestine, which results in the formation of large amounts of intestinal gas («flatus»).

To study the pathway of food through digestive tract is very impor­tant for explanation of the process of digestion.

Упражнение 8. 1) Прочтите и переведите текст А. Второй абзац переведи­те письменно. 2) Найдите в тексте ответы на следующие вопросы и про­чтите их.

1. How are nutrients supplied to the body? 2. What processes are known as digestion and absorption? 3. What do we call the parts of the digestive tube from the mouth up to the anus? 4. Is glucose absorbed from the stomach or the small intestine? 5. Water and drugs arc absorbed through the stomach walls, aren't they?

3) Найдите в каждом абзаце предложения, выражающие основную мысль первого абзаца.

4) Составьте письменно план текста А

Упражнение 9. Найдите в каждом ряду слово, противоположное по значению первому слову ряда.

1. soluble - decomposed, dissoluble, diluted, insoluble; 2. to include - to conclude, to exclude, to leave out; 3. solid — hard, weak, soft, firm, soluble; 4. ascending - going up (down), descending, sitting down

Упражнение 10. Переведите следующие предложения, определите функции инфинитива.

1. The present investigation is carried out to determine the liver func­tions in experimental dogs. 2. An attempt was made to correlate metabo­lism with humidity, light, or average daily temperature. 3. One of the purposes of this work is to prevent the action of the dissaccharide-split- ting enzymes. 4. In order to ensure more adequate oxygenation the fluids bathing the mucose were recirculated. 5. From the curves of the blood ammonia concentration it is possible to obtain necessary information.

Упражнение 11. Определите в следующих предложениях конструкцию сравненияthe... the.Переведитепредложения.

1. The greater amount of the substance was added to the nutrient, the more significant change in three or four experiments was produced. 2. The more specialized the animal is, the more differentiated its en­zymes become. 3. The more food with an appetizing smell you digest, the more digestive juices will be poured out. 4. The greater the differ­ence in temperature is, the more rapidly will heat be lost from the body. 5. The younger the individual is, the higher the caloric requirement — i.e. the more nutrition is needed.

Упражнение 12. Переведите следующие предложения; определите функции словdue, dueto.

1. Jaundice is the yellow colour of skin sclerae and mucous mem­branes due to an increase of bilirubin in the plasma. 2. It was found that during infusion oxygen consumption decreased, due to an increase in spirometer gas volume. 3. The secondary rise in oxygen consumption in normal cats may be due to the reconversion of lactic acid to glicogen in the liver. 4. It has been shown that the decrease in resistance across the stomach wall of the experimental dog is due to a decrease in the resis­tance across the external muscle layers, 5. Physiologists have raised the question as to whether the rhythmic activity of the heart muscle is due to some rhythmic power located within the heart muscle fibre.

Упражнение 13. Переведите на английский язык.

1. Пищеварительный тракт человека — это длинная мышечная трубка до 7,6 м длиной. 2. В процессе пищеварения усваивается 95—100% углеводов, жиров и животных белков. 3. 30—40% белков распадаются под действием бактерий.

Часть II

Слова к части II

observe[зЬ'гз:у] vнаблюдать, заме­чать

observation [,obz9:'veiJn] п наблюде­ние

inordertoдля того, чтобы shape [Jeip] п форма visible[Vizibl]а видимый

thelatter [laeta] п последний (из двух

названных) swallow ['swolou]vглотать, прогла­тывать

sufficient [ss'fifsnt]а достаточный constrict [kan'strikt] vсокращать, сужать interfere [,int9'fi3] (with)vвмеши­ваться, мешать interferenceLints'fiarsns] nвмеша­тельство, интерференция orifice ['onfis] nотверстие constriction [kdn'strikjn] nсокраще­ние, сужение excise [ek'saiz] vвырезать, отрезать, удалять

excision [ek's^n] nудаление, иссе­чение

Упражнения

Упражнение 1. Отработайте чтение следующих слов, переведите их.

baruim sulphate, substance, process, human, limited, especially, re­sistance, contract, peristalsis, series, mix, axial, origin

Упражнение 2. Напишите исходные слова к данным производным и переведите их.

movement, observation, constriction, shapeless, interference, tubu­lar, muscular, insufficient, digestion

Упражнение 3. Прочтите текстВ (10 мин). 1) Разделите текст на 4 части и назовите тему каждой из них. 2) Найдите в тексте предложения, где: а) инфинитив выполняет функцию подлежащего; б) обстоятельства; в) употребляются словаdue, dueto.3) Переведите эти предложения.

Text В

The Movements of the Stomach

It is advisable to study the movements of the stomach by direct obser­vation by means of the X-rays. In order to make the shape of the stom­ach visible the food — bread and milk — is mixed with a quantity of barium sulphate. The presence of this substance does not interfere with the processes of digestion, but renders the gastric contents to the Ront- gen rays.

In the human stomach the term fundus is limited to that part of the stomach situated above the cardiac orifice (in the erect position). The body of the stomach is marked off from tne pyloric part by the incisura angularis on the lesser curvature represented in many animals by a strong «transverse band». The pyloric portion consists of the pyloric vestibule (or antrum) and the pyloric canal, the latter being a tubular portion with thick muscular walls about 3 cm in length, especially well marked in children. When food has been swallowed (in the erect position) its weight is sufficient to overcome the resistance of the contracted gastric wall and some of it rapidly passes to the pyloric part. The remainder stays in the body of the stomach. It is due to constant pressure on its contents, that is forced them towards the pylorus/ Peristalsis begins almost at once, each constriction starting near the middle of the stomach, and deepening as it slowly progresses towards the pylorus. These waves succeed one an­other, so that the pyloric part may present a series of constrictions. Their effect is to force towards the pylorus the food which has been mixed with gastric juice. The longer the pylorus remains -closed the longer the food cannot escape and therefore is squeezed back, forming an axial reflux stream towards the body. These contractions last throughout the whole period of gastric digestion, and become more marked as it proceeds. Due to their action a thorough mixture of food and gastric juice results.

Movements of the stomach may be observed even on a stomach which has been excised and placed in warm water-salt solution. They must therefore have their origin in the walls of the stomach itself.

Упражнение 5. Прочтите данные суждения. Найдите в тексте В предложе­ния, более полно выражающие мысль суждений, и прочтите их.

1. It is advisable to study the movements of the stomach by means of X-rays. 2. The pyloric portion consists of the pyloric vestibule. 3. When food has been swallowed some of it passes to the pyloric part of the stomach. 4. Peristalsis begins near the middle of the stomach. 5. The contractions last throughout the whole period of gastric digestion.

Часть III

Контрольно-обобщающие упражнения к уроку 9

Упражнение 1. Найдите и переведите предложения, в которых инфинитив выполняет функцию а) подлежащего; б) обстоятельства.

1. Тоrender surgical assistance, a surgeon should have a lot of knowl­edge and skill. 2. It is difficult to analyse the natural movements of the stomach in the empty and full states. 3. Since all parts of the stomach are not in the same transverse position it is therefore almost impossible to speak of a normal position or shape of the stomach. 4. Enterokinase increases the activity of all ferments in the pancreatic juice but acts as a co-ferment to activate trypsin secreted in inactive form. 5. A calorie is the amount of heat required to raise a kilogram of water one degree Centigrade.

(Ответ:a) 2, 3; 6) 1, 4, 5. Если вы ошиблись, повторите § 25 Грамматического справочника.)

Упражнение 2. Найдите предложения с конструкцией сравненияthe... the.Переведитепредложения.

1. When a small quantity of liquid is swallowed into the empty con­tracting stomach, the liquid passes at once into the antrum. 2. The sooner he finishes his experiment on mechanical action of smooth mus­cle contraction, the sooner we start a new one. 3. The emptying rate of the stomach increases progressively from the onset of the completion of digestion. 4. The more high vitamin diet you try, the sooner you will recover. 5. The more appetizing smell the food has the more digestive juices will be poured.

(Ответ: 2, 4, 5. Если вы ошиблись, повторите § 4 Грамматичес­кого справочника.)

Упражнение 3. Найдите и переведите предложения с составным предлогом dueto.

1. Pancreatic juice is a clear alkaline secretion due to the presence of sodium bicarbonate. 2. The gastric secretion begins with food in the stomach due partly to mechanical distension, partly to chemical stimu­lation. 3. Nervous mechanisms permit due communication between widely separated portions of the gastro-intestinal tract. 4. The effect of stimulation of the splanchnic nerves is explained by the complication of asphyxia due to simultaneous vasoconstriction. 5. Disturbances of di­gestion may be due either to absence of certain secretions or to their presence in insufficient amounts.

(Ответ: 1, 2, 4, 5. Если вы ошиблись, повторите § 39 Граммати­ческого справочника.)

Упражнение 4. 1) Подберите к англо-американским единицам измерений соответствия в метрической системе.

1) inch, 2) foot, 3) ounce, 4) pound

1) 28.35 г, 2) 453.59 г, 3) 2.54 см, 4) 30.48 см

(Ответ: 1-3, 2-4, 3-1, 4-2.)

2) Переведите в метрическую систему.

5 inches, 4 pounds, 25 feet, 3 ounces

Упражнение 5. Опишите процесс пищеварения, используя рис. 9.

Lesson 10 4 127

LESSON TEN---------------------------------------------------------------

NUTRITION

1. Инфинитив в функции определения (§ 25)

2. Бессоюзные придаточные предложения: (§ 32)

3. Функции и перевод словаfor(§ 37)

Часть I

Слова к части I

yield [ji:ld] vдавать (плоды, резуль­таты)

oxidation [pksi'deijn] п окисление repair[п'реэ] vисправлять; восста­навливать provide [prg'vaid] vснабжать, обес­печивать theformer[Ъ:тэ] а первый (из двух

названных) distribute [dis'tribjut] vраспределять equal ['i:kwsl] а равный equality [ik 'woliti] nравенство abundant [^'bAndant]а обильный abundantlyadvобильно upset [Ap'set] vнарушать; расстраи­вать; опрокидывать determine [di'tamin] vопределять;

обусловливать; детерминировать essential [i'sen/1] а существенный, ва:жный

Упражнения

Упражнение 1. Переведите на русский язык следующие словосочетания; скажите, чем выражено определение.

attempts to increase the endogenous iron; the observations to be described; capacity to clear blood ammonia; an analysis based on; blood vessels sur­rounding the wall of the small intestine; the proteins to be absorbed; protein diet; complex foods to be broken; obesity to be prevented; food absorption

Упражнение 2. Переведите следующие предложения. Определите: а) вид бессоюзных придаточных предложений; б) какой союз пропущен.

1. Studies in vivo we discuss here indicate that intestinal absorption is an important pathway to regulate the quantity of iron in the body. 2. The methods we present here were modified and gave satisfactory re­producible results. 3. Mechnikov thought ©Id age was brought on by the absorption of the products of the proteolytic group of organisms. 4. We know digestive enzyme of the stomach is pepsin. 5. I.P. Pavlov showed (hat the digestive juices flow at the sight and especially at the smell of lood.

Упражнение 3. Переведите следующие предложения со словомfor.

1. For the assay of enzyme activity the animals were killed, the liver quickly removed, washed thoroughly with cold distilled water and placed in a beaker with cracked ice. 2.Protein is essential for growth and repair. 3. Heart pain persisted for half an hour so we had to dial 03 for the doctor to come. 4. The patient is to keep the bed, for his disease may affect the heart.

Упражнение 4. Прочтите и переведите данные гнезда слов.

1. oxide, to oxidize, oxidation, oxygen, to oxygenate; 2. to distribute, distribution, distributing; 3. equal, equally, equality; 4. abundant, abun­dantly, abundance