ВСТУПЛЕНИЕ 4 страница

LESSON ONE

THE SKELETON

1. Оборотthere is, there are (§ 16)

2. Основные формы глагола tobe(§ 15)

3. ВременагруппыIndefinite (Active Voice) (§ 10)

Часть I

Слова к частиI

skeleton ['skelitn] n скелет

bone [boun] n кость

backbone ['baekboun] n позвоночник

breastbone ['brestboun] n грудина

collar-bone ['kotaboun] n ключица

bony ['bouni] акостный

vertebral column ['vaitibrsl 'кэ1эт]

позвоночник

spinal column ['spaingl 'kotam] позво­ночник, спиннойхребетtrunk [trAgk] n туловищеlimb [lim] nконечностьskull [skAl] n черепbrain [brein] n мозгbody ['badi] n телоinclude [in'klu:d] v включатьexclude [iks'klu:d] v исключатьjaw [d3o:] nчелюстьrib [rib] n реброjoin [d3D:in] v присоединятьjoint [d3o:int] n сустав

bend [bend] v сгибать(ся), гнуть(ся),

изгибаться) chest [tjest] n груднаяклеткаplace [pleis] v помещать;be placed v

бытьпомещеннымheart [ha:t] n сердцеlung[1лд] n легкоеarm [a:m] nрукаshoulder [Jouldd] n плечоshoulder-blade nлопаткаelbow [elbou] n локотьwrist [rist] n запястьеfirm [fa:m] ad]крепкийfirmly ['fa:mli] advкрепкоbind [baind] v связыватьpalm [pa:m] nладоньthumb[Одш]nбольшойпалецрукиframework ['freimwa:k] n остов, кар­кас

Упражнения

Упражнение 1. Укажите время глагола-сказуемого в следующих предло­жениях.

1. There will be a new student in our group. 2. There are eight facul­ties in the Moscow Medical Sechenov Academy. 3. There were two meetings last week. 4. In front of the rectorate there is a monument to I.M. Sechenov.

Упражнение 2. Составьте 5 предложений с оборотом thereis, thereare, используя данные ниже слова. Согласуйтеформуглаголаспоследующи­мисуществительными.

many English books 15 students little coffee twelve months a lamp in the glass, in the library, on the wall, in our group, in a year.

Упражнение 3. Выберите правильный вариант для русского предложения. Обратите внимание на порядок слов русского и английского предложений.

a) На лекции присутствует мно­го студентов.

b) Рядом с нашим институтом находится студенческое обще­житие.

c) На нашем факультете было интересное собрание на прошлой неделе.

1. Many students are present at the lecture.

2. There are many students at the lecture.

1. There is a student'sjhostel near

our Institute. J<>и₍ r ;

/

2. The hostel is near our Insti-' tute.

1. There was an interesting meeting at our faculty last week.

2. An interesting meeting was at our faculty last week.

Упражнение 4. Напишите II, III, IVформы следующих глаголов. Проверьте себя по таблице (см. Грамматическийсправочник, § 9).

to ask, to use, to work, to enter, to speak, to found, to try, to study, to know, to like, to be, to consist

Упражнение 5. Определите время глагола-сказуемого в следующих пред­ложениях.

1. Doctors help people when they are ill. 2. The lecture on anatomy will begin at 12 p.m. 3.1 go to the Institute by bus. 4. She went home an hour ago. 5. Hippocrates established medical schools in Athens.

Упражнение 6. Поставьте подлежащие в следующих предложениях в един­ственном числе и согласуйте с ними форму сказуемого. Переведитепред­ложения.

1. Medical students study the structure of the human body. 2. These texts are easy to translate. 3. We shall work in the hospital this month. 4. My friends want to enter a medical college. 5. TheyspeakEnglishwell.

Упражнение 7. Укажите, какие сказуемые в данных предложениях выра­жены правильными глаголами.

1. The teacher asked many questions at the lesson. 2. She got all her text-books from the Institute library. 3. The students worked at the laboratory under the guidance of their teacher. 4. Naturalistsdividedallanimalsintotwoclasses.

Упражнение 8. Прочтите следующие слова и сочетания слов. Переведи­те их.

a) jaw [d3o:], heart [ha:t], wrist [rist], thumb [0дт], thus [9as], finger ['firjgo], skeleton ['skelitn];

b) vertebral column [ 'vaitibral 'kotam], vertebrate animal ['va:tibrit 'aenimsl].

it is so im/portant|, as it is \called|, at the 'upper 'end, there is a'nother 'box of /bones, between the 'shoulder and the /elbow, there are 'eight 'small \bones

Упражнение 9. Отработайте чтение следующих предложений:

The 'most im'portant 'part of the /skeleton | is the \backbone. At the 'upper 'end of the /backbone | there is the \skull.

Упражнение 10. Прочтите и переведите следующие слова. Запомните зна­чение:

ex-из:exclude, exchange, expel

б) прилагательных:

un-, in-, im-, ir-, il-- отсутствиекачества: unimportant, uneasy, invertebrate, impure, irregular, irresponsive, illegal, illogical

2. суффиксов:

а) прилагательных:

-у: bony, windy, healthy

-al: social, local, special, spinal, medical, biological

-less- отсутствиекачества: frameless, helpless, lifeless

б) наречий:

-ly: quickly, really, usually, easily, especially, carefully Упражнение 11. Переведитеследующиепроизводныеслова.

1. bone, bony, backbone, breastbone; 2. to divide into, division, to subdivide, subdivision, divisible; 3. to include, to exclude, to conclude, included, exclusively, conclusion; 4. a joint, to join, joined, jointly; 5. to place, to replace, replacement, to be placed; 6. firm, firmly, to reaf­firm; 7. frame, framework, frameless

Упражнение 12. Просмотрите текст А и скажите, какие части скелета опи­саны в данном тексте.

Г Text А

The Skeleton

1. The bones form the skeleton of the body. The most important part of the skeleton is the backbone. It is so important that naturalists divid­ed all animals into two classes - those which have a backbone and those which have none. All the higher animals have a backbone, or vertebral column and they are therefore called (называются) vertebrate animals. The others are called invertebrate animals.

2. The bones which form the skeleton or bony framework of the body include the bones of the head, the bones of the trunk, the bones of the lower and upper limbs.

3. At the upper end of the backbone there is the skull. Inside the skull is the brain. The bones of the head include the bones which make up the box-like structure, the skull, and freely movable bone which forms our lower jaw.

4. There is another box of bones in front of the backbone. The ribs, which join the backbone behind and bend round towards the breastbone in front, form a strong cage - the chest, inside of which there is the

Ulna Radius Pubis Fibula

I,-

heart and the lungs. The bones of the trunk include the spinal column, the ribs and the breastbone.

5. The arms join the body at the shoulder, and the shoulder itself consists of two bones - the collar-bone in front, and the shoulder-blade behind. Between the shoulder and the elbow there is only one bone in the arm, but between the elbow and the wrist there are two. In the wrist there are eight small bones. They are bound (связаны) together, but their large number allows the wrist to bend freely. Next come the bones of the hand itself. In the body or palm of the hand there are five long bones - one for each finger and one for the thumb. Each of the fingers has three bones, and the thumb has two. Thus we have twenty-seven bones in the framework of the hand and wrist alone.

I' ^{4 х} * •<^{с 1} "

Упражнение 13. 1) Прочтите и переведите текст А. Абзац 5 переведите письменно. 2) Найдите в тексте А ответы, на следующие вопросы и зачитайте их. / j,

_ I \iJ J

1. Is the backbone the most important part of the body? 2. What classes do the naturalists divide all the animals into? 3. What does the skull include? 4. The bones of the trunk include the spinal column, the ribs and the breastbone, don't they? 5. Howdoesthewristwork?

3) Составьте письменно план текста А. Упражнение 14. Подберите к латинским словам английские эквиваленты.

mandible limb

extremity lower jaw _{v r}j

maxillar collar-bone ¹ '

clavicle upper jaw

Упражнение15.Подберитепарысинонимов.

vertebral column, injury, cage, damage, harm, box, backbone

Упражнение 16.Подберитепарыантонимов.

to include, inside, immovable, in front of, lower, behind, inverte­brate, to exclude, movable, vertebrate, outside, upper, higher

Упражнение 17. Переведите следующие предложения. Определите, какими частями речи являются выделенные слова.

Упражнение 19. Переведите следующие предложения, обращая внимание на оборотthereis.

i

1. There is the skull at the upper end of the backbone. 2. There are many illustrated books on Human Anatomy. 3. There are three bones in each finger. 4. There is no backbone in invertebrate animals. 5. There are special hospitals for children in every town.

Упражнение 20.Поставьте сказуемые в следующих предложениях в отрицательной форме, переведите предложения.

Образец: I went to see them yesterday. ГЖ^

I did not go to see them yesterday. \ 1. The professor asked many questions at the seminar. 2. I got many text-books from the library. 3. I entered the Institute last year. 4. We shall help him with his studies. 5. He knows Human Anatomy well.

Упражнение 21. Задайте вопросы, ответами на которые были бы следующие предложения.

1. Yes, they do. The bones form the skeleton of the body. 2. Yes, they did. Naturalists divided all animals into two classes. 3. Yes, they will. The first-year students will study the structure of the human body this year. 4. Yes, they do. The bones of the trunk include the spinal column, the ribs and the breastbone.

Упражнение 22. Прочтите предложения, поставив глаголы, данные в скобках, в соответствующих временах группы Indefiniteи согласуйте их с формой подлежащего и контекстом.

3. Большое количество костей Ъ запястье позюляет ему свободно дви­гаться. 4. Ребра защищают сердце, легкие и другие органы грудной клетки. 5. Плечо, предплечье и кисть образуют верхнюю конечность.

Упражнение 24. Опишите части тела, используя рис. 1. и следующие выражения.

The skull includes... The trunk consists of ... The arms form the body at ... The bones form... There are ... bones in ... The spinal canal contains ...

Часть II

Слова к части II

distinguish [dis'tiggwij] vразличать distinguishable [dis'tirjgwijabl] ^'раз­личимый abdomen ['aebdaman] nбрюшная по­лость, живот thigh [0ai] nбедро (^r^ it^[1]ankle ['aegkl] nлодыжка toe [tou] nпалец ноги separate ['sepsreit] vотделять, раз­делять

separable['верэгэЫ] а отделимый,

раздельный muscle ['mAsl] nмышца muscular ['mAskjuta] а мышечный forearm[Ъ:га:т] nпредплечье vertebra ['v9:tibra]pi.vertebrae

[v9:tibri:] nпозвонок chamber ['tjeimba] nкамера

cavity ['kaeviti] nполость kidney ['kidni] nпочка head ['hed] nголова thorax ['0o:raeks] nгрудная клетка ureter [jua'ri:ta] nмочеточник bladder ['blaeda] nмочевой пузырь liver ['liva] nпечень pancreas ['paegkrws] nподжелудоч­ная железа spleen [spli:n] nселезенка pharynx ['faerigks] nглотка alimentarycanalLaelfmentarika'nael]

пищеварительный тракт addition [a'dijn]nдобавление;inadditiontoвдобавок, в дополне­ние, кроме того, к тому же lie [lai] vнаходиться

Упражнения

Упражнение 1. Прочтите и догадайтесь о значении следующих слов, используя знание русского и латинского языков. Проверьтесебяпословарю.

general, separate, naturally, abdomen, bilaterally, symmetrical, sub­stance, canal, spinal, nervous, diaphragm, dorsal, pharynx

Упражнение 2. Подберите к латинским словам английские эквиваленты.

L/ cAr.^i j

dorsal _/ millet

уеМга£^Ы/<) back f ^

esophagus^ . - front ^L' ' ^' с $ c> j /->л

thorax ------- chest ° ^L0 ^J>v

Упражнение 3.Подберитепарысинонимов.

- .......... -

brain case, to include, to separate, chamber, to contain, skull, cavjty, to distinguish ~

Упражнение 4. Подберите пары антонимов.

f" \

the latter, the former, long, at the upper end, shbrt, at the bottom

\ ■ ■

Упражнение 5. Прочитайте и запомните перевод следующих внешне похожих слов, часто встречающихся в научной литературе. Переведите предложения с этими словами.

lastпоследний из ряда или по времени, предыдущий thelatestпоследний, недавний thelatterпоследний из двух (ранее упомянутых) 1. We remember the last lesson at school. 2. They were the last to come. 3. I like to listen to the latest news. His latest operation on the heart was yesterday. 4. The thorax encloses the heart and the lungs, the latter are on each side of the heart.

Упражнение 6. Переведите со словарем. Обратите внимание на изменение значения слова в зависимости от контекста.

of a man 2. bottom

of a motor-car of facts

of a man

of a department, State of a cabbage, flower

Упражнение 7. Просмотрите текст В (время — 10 мин): 1) скажите, в каких абзацах кратко изложено содержание текста «А» и в каких дается новая информация. 2) найдите предложения: а) с оборотом thereis, thereare. Объясните, как вы будете переводить предложения, в которых отсут­ствует обстоятельство места; б) с глаголом-сказуемым в форме Indefiniteв действительном залоге. 3) Переведите предложения.

Lesson1 Ф 53 TextВ 'j _й v

-I-у к —

The human body is obviously separable into the head, the trunk and the limbs. In the head, the brain-case or skull is distinguishable from the face. The trunk includes the chest or thorax, and the ab­domen. Of the limbs there are two pairs — the upper, or arms, and the lower, or legs; and the legs and arms again are separable into several parts - the thigh, the leg and the toes in the lower limb and the upper arm, the forearm, the wrist and the fingers in the upper

limb. ГО-'/ '^:rd д(a^ ,

The whole body, is bilaterally symmetrical. There are special bones in the trunk which are bound (связаны) together by a very strong and tough substance into a long column, which lies nearer the dorsal (or back) than ventral (or front) part of the body The bones are called (называются) the vertebrae. They separate a long narrow ca­nal, the spinal canal, which lies upon the dorsal side.

The spinal canal contains a long white cord - the spinal cord - which is an important part of the nervous system. The diaphragm divides the ventral chamber into two cavities — the thorax and abdo­men. The alimeptary canal trans-verses these cavities from one end to the other and pierces the diaphragm. In the abdomen there are also two kidneys, which lie against each side of the vertebral column, the ureters, the bladder, the liver, the pancreas and the spleen. The thorax encloses the heart and two lungs. The latter lie one on each side of the heart.

The dorsal chamber, or cavity of the skull, opens into the spinal canal. It contains the brain, which is continuous with the spinal cord. The brain and the spinal cord together constitute the cerebrospinal system. The ventral chamber, or cavity of the face encloses mouth and pharynx, into which the upper end of the alimentary canal (gullet or

oesophagus) opens. , / /

' 'j

Упражнение 8.Прочтите каждое суждение. Найдите в тексте В предло­жения, более полно выражающие мысль данного суждения, и прочти­те их.

ЧастьIII

Контрольно-обобщающие упражнения к уроку 1

Упражнение 1. Укажите предложения, которые следует переводить, начи­ная: а) с обстоятельства места; б) со сказуемого. Переведитеих.

Г' . О-

1. There is a long white cord in the spinal canal. 2. There are two pairs of limbs in the human skeleton. 3. There are three groups of vertebrae according to their position. 4. There are differences in the structure of vertebrae. 5. There exist two, vertebral segments: anteriour and posterior. ^

(Ответы:a) 1, 2, 4. 6) 3, 5. Если вы ошиблись, повторите § 16 Грамматического справочника.)

Упражнение 2. Образуйте форму инфинитива от следующих глагольных форм.

»

possessing seperated, made up, is, built, allows, turning, bent, con­taining, will bind

LESSON TWO--------------------------------------------------------------

THE MUSCLES

1. ВременагруппыConti^upjis (Active Voice)(§11)

2. Модальные глаголь^сап,^цrtiiist, йау 17)

3. Функции и перевод словаthat (those)(§ 34)

Часть I

Слова к части I

skinп кожа lay [lei] (laid)vкласть layer['lei9] nслой average ['aevsnd3]а средний male [meil] а мужского пола, мужс­кой

female ['firmed]а женского пола,

женский cell [sel] nклетка

striated [strai'eitid] а поперечно-по-

лосатый, полосатый contract [kan'traekt] vсокращать(ся) blood [bL\d] nкровь vessel [vesl] nсосуд digestive [di'd3estiv] а пищеваритель­ный, пищевой refer [ri'fa:] vотноситься к чему-л., иметь отношение tissue ['tisju:] n ткань; connective

tissueсоединительная ткань smooth [smu:0] а гладкий, ровный viscera ['visara]npi.внутренние

органы; кишки visceral [visaral] а относящийся к

внутренним органам cause [ko:z] vвызывать, быть при­чиной, заставлять; п причина

willп воля

response [ris'pons] п ответ, отклик; реакция

effect [ffekt] п результат, следствие;

действие, влияние environment [in'vaiarsnmant] п окру­жение; среда; окружающая об­становка thatis (lat. i.e.) то есть

Упражнения

Упражнение 1. Найдите в каждом ряду глагол во временах группыContin­uous(см. таблицу в § 11 Грамматического справочника).

у N/ ^f - . •

1. was placing placed; is placed; 2. bound; bind; is binding 3. were bent; was bending; benfc/ 4. joins; is joining; were joined; 5. are not included; will be including; includes; 6. is distinguishing; are distin­guishing; distinguishes

V * С / , • /

Упражнение 2. Поставьте след. предложения в отрицательную форму.

Образец: We are working at the laboratory now. c-

. ^{are not wor}^ⁿS ^at ^e laboratory now. 1. They were discussing the functions of brain for two hours running. 2. W^ shall be studying the bones of the palm for the whole day. 3. He is taking his examination in history now.4. I was writing my report when she entered the library hall.

Упражнение 3. Переведите следующие предложения, определите времен­ную форму глагола-сказуемого. , _ч

1. Smooth or unstriated muscles contract without any volition.

2. Blood vessels are contracting when they respond to the temperature.

3. The bones of our body make up the skeleton. 4. They were making their experiment from 5 to 7. 5. Students will learn the framework of the chest in the first term. 6. We shall be studying the functions of the heart during the whole lesson. i / ;

Упражнение 4. Найдите модальные глаголы в следующих предложениях. Переведитепредложениянарусскийязык.

and invertebrates. 5. Comrade Petrov should stay at home as his leg still aches. 6. Future doctors must know human anatomy very well.

Упражнение 5.Заполнитепропускимодальнымиглаголамиcan, must, may.

moЧ

1. Youл/come for consultations on physics any time from 5 to 8. 2. We ..j know all the functions of the lungs. 3. ... I ask a question? 4. She ...\come as she is ill. 5. Who ^describe the t^nes of the trunk? 6. The joints ... move by the contraction of muscles. \ _j,

Упражнение 6.Переведите следующие предложения. Определите какую функцию выполняют словаthat/those(см. § 34 Грамматическогоспра- вочника). ~ ; ^

1. The doctor says tilaft he knows this patient. 2. Theixmes of the lower extremities articulate with the pelvic bones, those of the upper extremities extend from the shoulder girdle! 3. Through the centre of the vertebral column runs the canal that contains the spinal cord. 4. We liked that lecture very much. 5. The function of the liver is different from that of the spleen. 6. Thatwasthebookhewanted.

Упражнение 7. Прочтите следующие слова и сочетания слов. чПедоведи-

/ L.Av,чif

те их. к г ' ' - $

a) muscle ['mAsl], muscular ['mAskjub], female ['fi:meil], fascia ['fae- Jio] (pi. fasciae ['faejii:], smooth [smu:0], striated [strai'eitid], t6 involve [in'volv], per cent [pd'sent];

b) a layer of muscles, 50 per cent of the total body weight, a charac­teristic feature of cardiac muscle

Упражнение 8. Познакомьтесь со значениями данных ниже суффиксов: аг_уive, ous, ionи приставкиen.Прочтите и переведите производные слова.

demonstrative, connective, effective

4. -ous (-eous, -ious)— суффиксприлагательных, имеющихзначение «обладающийкачеством», обозначеннымосновой: to continueпродолжаться) — continuousнепрерывный;glory^ слава — gloriousвеликолепный. / *

various, dangerous, infectious

5. -ion (-ation, -tion, -sion, -ssion)— суффиксы существительных, обозначающих действие или процесс, состояние или качество, результат действия: toseparateотделять - separationотделение.

foundation, observation, motion, fermentation, foundation, classifi­cation, decision, submission

'"-'Г v

Упражнение 9. Прочтите и переведите следующие однокоренные группы слов.

1. muscle, muscular, musculature, musculation; 2. to close, to enclose, close, closely, closed, closing; 3. to contract, contracted, contracting, contractile, contraction; 4. to vary, variant, various, variable, variation, variety; 5. to connect, connecting, connection, connective

Упражнение 12. Просмотрите текст А. Скажите, на сколько частей можно разделить текст и как можно озаглавить каждую часть.

Text А Types of Muscles

1. The word «muscle», according to one theory, comes from a Latin word that means «little mouse»: that is when a man's muscles are con­tracting they look as if a little mouse runs about under his skin. Accord­ing to another theory the word <<musple»comes from a Greek expres­sion that means «to enclose», thatis fayereof*musples enclose the body. We know that the muscles commute аррййяМатеГу 50 per cent of the total body weight, slightly more in the average male than the female. Tendons, fasciae and the various organs themselves depend on the mus­cular system and the function of muscle cells.

2. There are three main types of muscular tissue that we identify and classifyjmlheJ)asis of structure and functions:

1) SfnoouVor visceral muscle,

2) striated or skeletal muscle,

3) cardiac muscle.

3. Smooth muscles can contract slowly. They make up the walls of the internal organs such as those of the blood vessels, and the digestive tract. Since we identify the internal organs as viscera, we sometimes call smooth

Fig. 2. Types of muscles.

muscles visceral muscles. The visceral muscles react relatively slowly to changes within the body and do so without the intervention of the will. \

The walls ofjh^ blood ^vessels are contracting or expanding when they j respond to feeflam ch&lfccals in the blood or in response to the effect of j temperature but we cannot deliberately cause them to lift our arm or open our mouth. For this reason, we may call them involuntary muscles. Smooth muscle tissue consists of long cells. Smooth muscle fibres are bound (связаны) into bundles by connective tissue which contain blood vessels and nerves.

4. ^matea muscle "tSssaie ^or^^of^[2]laige rorel irifhe form of bmfifies?^ Striated muscles are most for manipulation of the bones of the skeleton. Those are the muscles necessary for walking, running, turning the head and so on. That's why we sometimes call them skeletal muscles. This type of muscle tissue includes the lai^e muscle masses of the body, the muscles of the arms, legs, back etc.¹ It includes all those muscles which must react quickly to changes in the environment, i.e.^[3] those that become active through an effort of will. For this reason, we call striated muscles voluntary muscles.

5. Cardiac (heart) muscle is, in a sense, a cross between the previous two. A characteristic feature of cardiac muscle is that fibres have neither a beginning nor an end. In other words, the heart is simply a huge net of muscles in which all elements are continuous with each other. Cardiac muscles («heart» — Greek) have the strength and force of contraction of the skeletal muscle. Cardiac muscle is under complete involuntary control. In that, it resembles visceral muscle.

Notes

1. etc. (Lat. et cetera) [it'setrs] = and so on итакдалее

2. i.e. (Lat. id est) - читаетсяthat is, namely тоесть

Упражнение 13.1)Прочтите и переведите текст А. Абзацы 4 и 5 переведите письменно. 2) Найдите в тексте А ответы на следующие вопросы и зачи­тайте их.

muscles? 4. What is the difference between the cardiac and'skeletal

____ 1_ О , » / f lr~, .____ ^

muscles? ^ >^r '-^ V

Упражнение 14. Подберите к латинским словам английские эквиваленты.

viscera heart

cardiac lower jaw

mandible internal organs

esophagus gullet

Упражнение 15. Подберите пары антонимов.

voluntary, beginning, separated, to include, the former, to exclude, (he latter, connected, end, involuntary

Упражнение16.Дайтесинонимыкследующимсловамисловосочетаниям, injury, backbone, brain case, to be placed, to include

Упражнение 17. Прочтите следующие предложения и определите, какой мастью речи являются выделенные слова, найдите их значение в словаре. Переведитепредложения.

1. The word «muscle» means «little mouse» in Latin. 2. A positive test means the presence of bacteria in the blood. 3. Tendons, fasciae, various organs and the bones function by means of muscles. 4. . Cardiac muscle is under involuntary control. 5. The involuntary muscles control the beating of the heart. 6. Nerve impulses cause the muscle to contract. 7. We do not know the cause of his illness.

Упражнение 18. Прочтите предложения, поставив глаголы, данные в скобках, в нужное по смыслу время группыContinuous.Переведитепредложения.

1. The students (to work) in the physical laboratory from 9 to half past 10 yesterday. 2. When he came they (to classify) the bones of the upper extremities. 3. The walls of the blood vessels (to expand) when they respond to certain chemicals in the blood. 4. We (to discuss) the characteristic features of cardiac muscles now.

Упразднение 19. Замените времена группыIndefiniteвременами группыCon­tinuous,дополнив предложения обстоятельствами времени:now, at11 o'clock, whenyoucame, from...to, alltheday,где необходимо. Переведитепредложения.