ВСТУПЛЕНИЕ 8 страница

Слова к части I ¹

J

Ntain [stein] v окрашивать; ппятно increase [in'kri:s] v усиливать(ся), leucocyte ['lju:kasait] n лейкоцитувеличиваться); ['inkri:s] n возра- lymphocyte [limfssait] n лимфоцитстание, увеличение

major ['meicfea] а большой, более invade [inveid] vвторгаться

важный lobe [loub] nдоля

majority [ma'dtpriti]nбольшинство nucleus ['nju:klids] (pi.nucleidye [dai] nкраситель; vкрасить [ nju:kliai])nядро

wound [wund] nрана succeed [ssk'sird] vследовать за чем- attract [s'traekt] vпривлекать, при- л.; преуспевать

тягивать success [sak'ses]п успех

phagocyte ['faegasait]п фагоцит successive [sak'sesiv]а последова- phagocytosis ^faegasai'tousis]п фаго- тельный, следующий один за

цитоз другим

node [noud]п узел thus [9as]advтак, таким образом

neutrophil ['nju:trafil]п нейтрофил trap [traep] vзахватывать

Упражнения

Упражнение 1. Найдите в следующих сочетаниях слов формы причастий I и II. Переведите их.

a) the urinary system consisting of two kidneys; the ureters conducting the urine from the kidneys; a tube leading from the bladder; tubules making up the parenchyma of the kidneys j ^ / " , r; „

b) a thin capillary network called glomerulus; urea dissolved in water; blood vessels straped like a ball

Упражнение 2. Раскройте скобки, используя причастия I и II. Переведитеданныепредложения. .

1. The system (выводящая) the largest part of the waste products of the body is called the urinary system. 2. The capsule (окруженная) by perirenal fat is called the adipose capsule. 3. The urethra is a tube (ведущая) from the bladder. 4. Each renal artery branches into many small arteries (которыеназывают) arterioles. 5. Ureters are muscular tubes (выстланные) with mucous membrane. 6. The agents (увеличивающие) the resistance of the organism to an inflammatory process are: rational diet, balneo- and vitamino- therapy as well as immunotherapy. t

Упражнение 3. Сравните следующие предложения. Объясните употребление правила.

1. She thinks she will pass her win- She thought she would pass her ter exams successfully. winter exams successfully.

2. We know the urinary system consists of two kidneys, ureters, the bladder and the urethra.

3. The doctor says that in this case the operation on the right kid­ney is necessary.

4. The patient asks whether stones in the kidneys (or in the bladder) are a very common condition.

We knew the urinary system con­sisted of two kidneys, ureters, the bladder and the urethra. The doctor said in that case the operation on the right kidney had been necessary.

The patient asked whether stones in the kidneys (or in the bladder) were a very common condition.

Упражнение 4. Определите, в каких предложениях прошедшее время глаго­ла-сказуемого переводится настоящим временем. Переведитеданныепред­ложения.

1. It was found that after ligation of the common duct in dogs a rise in the bilirubin concentration of the blood did not occur. 2. The patient said that he felt better. 3. Many authors stated that the new methods of treatment of gastric ulcer had been used successfully. 4. It was proved that saliva varied according to metabolic status and changes in diet 5, Mechnikov thought that the ex­treme age attained by Bulgarian pe^aflts* resulted from the use of sour goat milk and the growth in the colon of the milk-souring bacterium «Bacillus bulgaricus». 6. Galen thought that the heart was the source of the body's heat.

Упражнение 5. Прочтите и переведите предложения со словамиafter,before.

1. Will you return your textbooks to the library before your examinations start? 2. The animal died on the 3rd day after innoculation. 3. The patient felt bad before the operation on his kidney. 4. The blood after circulation in the glomerulus emerges into capillaries on the walls of the uriniferous tubes. 5. He never met the man before. 6. After the food leaves the stomach it is acted on by several digestive enzymes.

Упражнение 6. Прочтите и переведите следующие слова.

protoplasm ['proutaplaezm], neutral [ nju:tr(9)l], eosinophil [^ia'sinofil], primarily ['praimsrili], to pierce [pias], chemotaxis [,kem9(u)'taeksiz], throughout [0ru(:)'aut]

Упражнение 7. Запомните значение нижеприведенных суффиксов. Про­чтите и переведите следующие слова.

1. Глагол + -ег = существительное, обозначающее а) деятеля; б) аппарат: towriteписать —writerписатель.

a) to teach - teacher, to observe - observer, to invade - invader;

b) to intensify - intensifies to amplify - amplifier, to magnify -

magnifier ■<

2. Глагол +-ment= существительное, обозначающее действие, состояние, результат действия: tomoveдвигаться — movementдвижение. V

to improve - improvement, to involve - involvement, to manage — management ЬдУ¹ ^

Упражнение 8. Прочтите и переведите следующие гнезда слов. ^

1. (to) increase, increasing, increased; 2. to invade, invader, invad­ing; 3. (to) wound, wounded; 4. to succeed, success, sifccessive, succes­sion, successively; 5. to attract, attraction, attractive; |6. (to) dye, dye­ing, dyed; 7. (to) stain, stained, staining, stainless ^ j. ^

Упражнение 9. Просмотрите текст А и скажите, что говорится в тексте о двух типах клеток.

,I

- : Ч, "Т ,<j О Г

Text А 1

1. Leucocytes. About 65 per сёAt df all white cells are leucocytes. Their protoplasm contains granules. Those leucocytes that stain neutral dyes — as the majority do — are called neutrophils. About 1.5 per cent of the total stain with acid dyes and are called eosinophils. And a still smaller number, 0.5 per cent, have granules that stain with basic dyes; these are called basophils. The percentage of oesinophils increases greatly when parasites invade the body. ; ^ ...

2. One characteristic of leucocytes is the irregular, or lobed, appear­ance of the nucleus. The number of lobes is an index to the cell's age. Ordinarily, about 45 per cent of all leucocytes have a nucleus of three lobes. The life span¹ of a leucocyte is short, from four to twelve days.

3. /The function of leucocytes/s primarily that of protection against infection. After the skin is pierced and the wound becomes infected, leucocytes from all the body are attracted to this place. Just what at­tracts them is not known — the process is called chemotaxis — probably some by-product of bacterial metabolism. When they arrive at the wound, they leave the blood stream. They wage war on the invaders, engulfing the bacteria within their own protoplasm, a process called phagocytosis (literally «cell-eating»). Before the infection is not too overwhelming, the victory usually goes to the leucocytes.

Blood

I

Formed elements

I

Erythrocytes Thrombocytes Leucocytes

Neutrophils

Eosinophils

Basophils

Monocytes

Lymphocytes

Fig. 7.The formed elements of blood.

4.Lymphocytes. These cells, which comprise about 35 per cent of the white cells, have a nucleus which practically fills the cell. They are produced in lymph nodes scattered throughout the body; the tonsils are examples of lymph nodes. They live only a few hours after they leave the blood stream. They are incapable of movement and thus cannot pursue bacteria and have little cytoplasm so that phagocytosis is practically out of the question, bacteria trapped in lymph node$ provoke the form^ti^n of them^j Unfortunately if the infection is overw^elmi!^ the lymbfiV nodes themselves become infected. Thus in guinea pigs it has been pos­sible to trace the route of tubercle bacilli from the intestines to the lungs, as the route is marked by successively infected lymph nodes.

Notes

1. lifespanпродолжительность жизни i

Упражнение 10. 1) Прочтите и переведите текст А. Абзац 3 переведите письменно. 2) НайдитевтекстеАответынаследующиевопросы.

1. What is the difference between neutrophils* basophils and eosino­phils? 2. When does the percentage of eosinophils increase? 3. The process of chemotaxis means «cell-eating», doesn't it? 4. What stimu­lates the formation of lymphocytes? 5. When do the lymph nodes be­come infected2 6. What kind of experiment is performed to prove this statement?

Упражнение11.Подберитепарысинонимов.

I

ordinarily, primarily, to consist of, all over, about, chiefly, through­out, usually, approximately, to comprise

Упражнение12.Подберитепарыантонимов.

regular, to arrive, usually, fortunately, to leave, irregular, unfortu­nately, unusually

Упражнение 13. Переведите следующие предложения с причастиями I и И.

д^л

1. One of the most important functions served by blood cells is the ingestion of foreign particles. 2. The blood is not the only fluid trans­porting material to different parts of the body. 3. The blood plasma contains among other things a soluble protein known as fibrinogen.

4. Blood and lymph are composed of cells dispended and carried within a watery fluid. 5. Leucocytes are divided into two major types: granulo­cytes, containing large granules in their cytoplasm and granulocytes lacking granules in their cytoplasm.

Упражнение 14. Переведите следующие предложения. Определите, в каких предложениях используются правила согласования времен.

1 __гtralen thought that the heart was the source of the body's heat and that the blood was the oil which fed the flame. 2. It was established that the exact form of the corpuscle was dependent upon the osmotic pres­sure of the fluid in which it is immersed for examination. 3. Fry consid­ered that the blood platelets in man arose from the erythrocytes. 4. It has been commonly stated that the hemoglobin served as the carrier of oxygen. 5. It was demonstrated that rhythmic contractions would not continue long when sodium chloride was absent.

Упражнение 15. Переведите следующие предложения, определите функции слов after, before.

1. Anaemia is a medical condition which occurs after the reduction in the number of erythrocytes or amount of hemoglobin in the circulat­ing blood. 2. Reticulocytes contain hemoglobin and after they are stained with a dye, their cytoplasm reveals a dense network of granules. 3. The granules in the eosinophils turn red, or a rosy colour, after the addition of an acid dye. 4. Neutrophils increase in number after pyrogenic (fe- ver-producing) infections and in certain forms of leukemia.

5. It is known that the heart is beating in the embryo before it is sup­plied with nerves and it will continue to beat in experimental animals even if the nerve supply is cut. 6. In fish embryos the heart begins its rhythmic movement, presumably, before any connection of nervous el­ements of the heart musculature has been established.

106 ❖ Learning to Understand a Medical Text Упражнение16.Переведите на английский язык.

1. Лейкоциты составляют около 65% всех белых клеток. 2. Око­ло 45% лейкоцитов имеют ядра, состоящие из трех долек. 3. Лим­фоциты составляют около 35% белых клеток. 4. Они вырабатыва­ются в лимфатических узлах, разбросанных по всему телу.

Упражнение 18. Опишите форменные элементы крови, используя рис. 7.

Часть II

Слюа к части II

beat [bi:tl v бить; пудар;beating

fbi:tir)] пбиениеrelax [ri'laeks] v расслаблятьсяrelaxation [,ri:laek'seijn] n расслабле­ние

property ['propsti] n свойствоrespond [ris'pond] v реагировать, от­вечать

response [ris'pons] n ответ, откликresponsive [ris'ponsiv] аответныйstimulus ['stimjulas] (pi. stimuli

['stimjulai]) n стимулforce [fo:s] v заставлять, принуждатьmaintain [mein'tein] v поддерживать,

сохранятьalthough[э:Гдои]conjхотя, несмотряvolume [voljum] n объемadd [aed] v добавлятьaddition [s'dijn] n добавлениеadditional [d'dijnl] адобавочный,

дополнительный amount [a'maunt] nколичество, сумма

output ['autput] nвыброс reason[ ri:zn] nпричина, основание consider [kan'sids] vсчитать, пола­гать

consideration [k9n,sidd'reijn] nсооб­ражение, рассмотрение considerable [k9n'siddrdbl] а значи­тельный

entire [m'tais] а целый, весь, полныйstroke [strouk] nудар

Упражнения

Упражнение 1. Подберите пары синонимов.

soon, which, readily, heart, quickly, that, easily, cardiac

Упражнение 2. Расшифруйте следующие сокращения.

e.g., i.e., etc., mm, cm

Упражнение 3. Переведите следующие пары слов.

till - until, some - same, to effect - to affect, because — because of, few ~ a few, to expand — to expend

Упражнение 4. Просмотрите текст В (10 мин). 1) Найдите в нем информа­цию: а) о природе сердечного удара; б) об особенностях мышечной ткани сердца; в) работе желудочков сердца; г) факторах, которые характеризуют работу левого желудочка. 2) Найдите и переведите предложения: а) с при­частиями I и II в функции определения; б) со словамиafter, before.

Упражнение 5. Прочтите данные суждения. Найдите в тексте В предло­жения, более полно выражающие мысль данного суждения, и прочти­те их.

1. The heart beat is automatic and perfectly rhythmic. 2. Cardiac muscle tissue has a special property. 3. Both ventricles expel the same volume of blood. 4. The pressure in the aorta is about six times as great as in the pulmonary artery. 5. The inhibition of the vagus and sympa­thetic centres influences the work of the heart. 6. The stroke volume depends upon the «venous return». 7. The chambers of the heart are able to supply additional blood.

Text В

Nature оf the Heart Beat

The fact that the heart, completely removed from the body, will go on to beat for a time shows that its beat is «automatic», i.e., does not require nerve impulses.

The beat is rhythmic: it is not jerky; the ventricles relax fully before the next contraction. This is explained by a special property of cardiac muscle tissue. The period of time during which the muscle is not re­sponsive to a stimulus is called the refractory period. It is characteristic of the heart muscle to have a long refractory period. When the heart muscle is stimulated, it will contract but will not respond again to that stimulus (though it may respond to a stronger one) until it has relaxed. This rest period is occupied by the heart filling with blood, in prepara­tion for the next beat. Even the heart forced to beat rapidly maintains a perfectly rhythmic beat; although the beats come closer together, there is always that little rest period in between.

The heart is a pump, but a double pump; the volume expelled by the right ventricle is the same as that expelled by the left. When exercise is suddenly undertaken, the «venous return», i.e. the blood returned to the heart through the veins, is suddenly increased. For a few beats the right ventricle does put out more blood than the left, but soon the additional blood has passed through the lungs and is entering the left ventricle, l Yom then on, both put out the same amount.

The Cardiac Output

Cardiac output refers to the volume of blood which the left ventricle forces into the aorta per minute of time. It must be noted that this term refers to the output of the left ventricle only, and that the total output is twice as much. The reason that the output of the left ventricle is given this special name is that it supplies the entire body (except the lungs) with the blood. Another xeason is that it does a much greater amount of work than does the right, and consequently is more likely to fail.

Cardiac output is the product of two factors: heart rate (the number of beats per minute) and stroke volume (the volume expelled per beat).

1. The heart rate is normally controlled by a balance between impuls­es reaching it over the vagus and over the sympathetics. Thus, inhibition of the vagus centre speeds up the heart. And inhibition of the sympa­thetic centre slows down the heart. It seems that in the human most of the effect is achieved by inhibition of the vagal centre of the sympathetic region.

2. The second factor affecting cardiac output is the stroke volume, that is, the amount of blood which the left ventricle ejects per beat. The stroke volume depends upon the «venous return». The normal heart is capable of a considerable degree of enlargement; after the venous return is increased - as it is in exercise — the chambers of the heart are able to supply the additional blood. The walls Of right atrium and the great veins are thin and stretch readily; therefore the heart rate is increased.

The increased venous return in exercise is brought about in the fol­lowing manner: 1) after muscles contract, they exert a «milking» effect on the blood vessels which they contain. With each contraction, blood is squeezed out¹ into the veins; it cannot be squeezed back into the arteries because the arterial pressure is high - and with each relaxation the blood vessels of the muscle again fill up with blood; 2) in exercise, breathing becomes deeper. The heart lies within the thorax; when the thorax expands, blood is «sucked² into» the heart.

The two factors, working together, lead to the increase of the blood amount returned. First the right side of the heart, and within a few beats the left, are dilated and take bigger «bites» of blood. Thus the stroke volume is increased.

Notes

1. to squeeze out просачиваться

2. to be sucked всасываться

Часть III

Контрольно-обобщающие упражнения к уроку 7

Упражнение 1. Укажите и переведите придаточные предложения, где сказуемые переводятся настоящим временем.

1. Early Greeks considered that it was possible to transfuse animal Mood to people. 2., The doctor was sure that the patient's blood be­longed to the first group.3. It is written that the blood was taken yesterday. 4. Landsteiner showed that people possessed different kinds оI blood. 5 . They are informed that conserved blood was brought two days ago.

(Ответ: 1, 2, 4. Если вы ошиблись, повторите § 18 Грамматичес­кого справочника.)

Упражнение 2. Укажите, и переведите предложения, где after и before

являются союзами.

1. After the blood was exposed to the air, the process of clotting hegan. 2. Before blood transfusion, it is ideal to have donor and recipient of the same blood group. 3. The clot shrinks after its forma­tion. 4. Lavoisier found that consumption of oxygen was greater after the ingestion of food than before. 5. After haemoglobin combines with oxygen, oxyhemoglobin is formed. 6. Human serum must be diluted about Gne-third with water before the cup-shaped corpuscles will predominate.

(Отает: 1, 5, 6. Если вы ошиблись, повторите § 37 Грамматичес­кого справочника.) >

Упражнение 3. Укажите и переведите предложения, где причастия I и II являются определением.

1. The clotting mechanism is extremely complex. 2. Fibrin is formed in long, interlacing threads. 3. Fibrin is derived from fibrinogen, which is ordinarily quite stable. 4. Blood platelets rupture readily when they are exposed to any other environment. 5. There is a sub­stance in the blood called prothrombin. 6. The heart rate is con­trolled by a balance between impulses reaching it over the vagus and the sympathetics.

(Ответ: 1, 2, 5, 6. Если вы ошиблись, повторите § 20 Граммати­ческого справочника.)

110^ Learning to Understand a Medical Text

LESSON EIGHT

RESPIRATION

1. Причастия I—IIв функции обстоятельства (§§ 20, 21)

2. Независимый причастный оборот (§ 22)

3. Функции и перевод слов both, both... and( § 40)

Часть I

Слова к части I

participate [pa:'tisipeit] vпринимать участие

influence ['influsns] nвлияние; vвлиять descend [di'send] vспускаться, сходить size ['saiz] nразмер certain ['ssitn] а определенный, некий simultaneous[ simal'teinjas] а одновре­менный follow ['folou] vследовать за decrease [di:'kri:s] vуменьшаться, убы­вать; ['di:kri:s] nуменьшение, упа­док risevподниматься, возвышаться exertion[ig'z3:Jn] nнапряжение accompany[э'клтрэш] vсопровож­дать

fast [fa:st] а быстрый accelerate [aek'sebreit] vускорять(ся) induce [in'dju:s] vпобуждать, вызы­вать

accessory [aek'sesari] а добавочный,

вспомогательный, побочный assist [a'sist] vпомогать

Упражнения

Упражнение 1. Переведите следующие предложения с причастиямиI—II. Определитефункциипричастий.

1. Examining coagulating blood upon a slide by means of the ultrami- croscope, it is possible to see small masses of coagulum. 2. Lymphocytes fight disease producing antibodies and thus destroying foreign material. 3. Methoxamine and phenylephrine are vasopressors that, when given intravenously, elevate systemic vascular resistance. 4. The contraction and relaxation processes in vascular smooth muscle display more differ­ences than similarities when compared with those in skeletal and cardiac muscle. 5. The patient examined complained of severe headache.

Упражнение 2.Заменитеследующиепридаточныепредложенияпричаст­нымиоборотами, оставивсоюзныесловаwhen, while, if.Переведитеэтипредложения.

Образец 1:When the ward doctor examines his patients,he usually

checks up their blood pressure.

When examining his patients the ward doctor usually checks up their blood pressure.

1. When leucocytes arriye at the wound, jlfey leave the blood stream.

2. While leucocytes engulf the bacteria within their own protoplasm,

they wage war on the invaders. 3. When muscles contract, they exert a

milking effect on the blood vessels which they contain.

/ м ' i,'^:

Образец 2:When people are hospitalized, they undergo a thorough

medical examination.

When hospitalized, people undergo a thorough medical examination. '

1. When the heart muscle is stimulated, it contracts. 2. Medical treat­ment must be more useful if it is^pplied immediately. 3. Certain drugs may cause serious harm if they are used without doctor's permission.

Упражнение 3. Определите независимый причастный оборот в следующих предложениях. Переведитепредложения.

1. There is a great deal of difference in the phagocyte activity of cor­puscles concerning such substances as carbon and quartz particles, the former being ingested much more rapidly than the latter. 2. During the experiment the node and all efferent vessels were cleaned, care being taken to avoid trauma to the structures. 3. The heart is a double pump, the volumes expelled by the right and left ventricles being the same.

4. The experiment having been finished, we were ready to discuss it.

5. Diastole is the relaxation phase of the heartbeat, the atria and ventri­cles filling with blood. </

у

Упражнение 4. Переведите следующие предложения. Определите, какую функцию выполняют словаboth, both... and.

1. When making a transfusion, it is ideal to have both donor and recipient of the same blood group. 2. The teacher showed us the picture of the heart in both systolic and diastolic phases. 3. The pleural surface normally has the tissue on both sides. 4. Heart rate, arterial pressure and cardiac output were examined in both groups of patients. 5. Both blood and lymph protect the body carrying disease-fighting cells (phagocytes) and protein substances called antibodies which combat infection.

6. Both the diaphragm and the ribs move rhythmically and regularly during respiration.

Упражнение 5. Напишите глаголы, от которых образованы следующие существительные. Переведитеих.

inhalation, exhalation, respiration, expansion, exertion, contraction, construction, action, acceleration

Упражнение 6. Прочтите и переведите следующие гнезда слов.

1. to decrease, to increase, decreased, increasing; 2. to participate, participation, participant, participating; 3. to accelerate, acceleration, accelerated, accelerating; 4. to assist, assistance, assistant, assisting; 5. to contract, contraction, contractility, contractile, contracted

Упражнение 7. Прочтите и переведите следующие сочетания слов.

increasing the size of smth, the increased capacity, the contraction of certain muscles, an expansion of the lung, accelerated respiration, to assist in producing inspirations

Упражнение 8. Просмотрите текст А и скажите, что в нем сказан^о движении мышц при дыхании. ^

Text А 1

j

Movements of Breathing Mechanism of Inhalation and Exhalation

1. Respiration consists of rhythmically repeated inhalations and ex­halations. Inhalation takes place as follows: fthe muscles participating in inhalation contract under the influence of nerve impulse^/ While contracting the diaphragm descends (flattens) increasing the vertical size of thoracic cavity. Сontraction of the external intercostal and cer­tain other muscles elevates the ribs increasing both the anteroposte­rior and transverse size of the thoracic cavity^Thus muscular contrac­tion increases the capacity of the thorax. Since the pleural cavity contains no air and the pressure in it is negative both lungs expand

Fig. 8.Diagram of lungs.

simultaneously with the increase in capacity of the thorax. The lungs expanding, the air pressure in them drops and atmospheric air rushes into the lungs through the air passages. Hence an inhalation involves a contraction of muscles, an increase in the capacity of the thorax, an expansion of the lungs, and entrance of atmospheric air into the lungs through the air passages. { < -

2. Inhalation is followed by exhalation. The muscles participating in inhalation relax, jthe ^apKagm The ribs drop as a result of con­traction of the internal intScostar^and other muscles and because of their own weight. The capacity of the thorax decreasing^he lungs be­come compressed', ifte pressure in {hetn rises and the air rushes out through the air passages.

3. The respiratory movements are rhythmic. An adult at rest makes 16—20 respiratory movements per minute, children make more move­ments (a newborn child makes up to 60 movements a minute)/Physical exertion, particularly in untrained people, is usually accompanied by Caster respiration. Accelerated respiration is also observed in many dis­eases. Sleep is accompanied bwia slowing of respiration.

4. Movements of breathing. Changes in the volume of air in the lungs are brought about by movements both of the diaphragm and ribs^ Con­traction of the diaphragm increases the length of the capacity of the chest, while the upward movement of the ribs increases the cross sec­tion of the chest. Inspiration is due to contraction of the diaphragm and of the muscles attached to the ribs. These contractions are in­duced by nervous impulses. Expiration is a less active process than inspiration, for when the muscles relax the elasticity of the lungs them­selves tends to drive out the air previously inhaled .'Any impediment to breathing due to pressure or constriction in the respiratory passage^ is especially noticeable during expiration, because it is usually of a pas­sive character.\^Vhen the volume of breathing is increased by physical exercise many assessory muscles are involved while producing deeper inspirations. Expiration also involves a Vigorous action of the abdom­inal muscles. \ \ —/

* л

^{V V} ; \ V X

Упражнение 9. 1) Прочтите и переведите текст А. Первый абзац переве­лите письменно. 2) Найдите в тексте А ответы на следующие вопросы и считайте их.

1. How is contraction of the muscles participating in inhalation reg­ulated? 2. Why does the size of the thoracic cavity increase? 3. When is impediment to breathing especially noticeable? 4. What processes does the inhalation (exhalation) involve? 5. What do the movements of the/ diaphragm and ribs bring about?

3) Составьте письменно план текста А. Упражнение 10. Подберитепарысинонимов.

inspiration, to take place, to induce, per minute, respiration, breath­ing, to cause, to produce, inhalation, to occur, a minute

Упражнение 11.Подберитепарыантонимов.

to compress, inhalation, to contract, to increase, to drop, upward, to decrease, to rise, downward, exhalation, to expand, to relax

Упражнение 12. Переведите следующие предложения, определите функ­ции причастий.

1. For mechanical analysis the respiratory system may be divided into three parts: the gas (in the airways and air spaces), the lung structure, containing the gas, and the thorax containing the lungs. 2. Dynamic increases in airway resistance during expiration set the limit on the ventilatory capacity of the respiratory system in normal and diseased lungs. 3. While flowing through the capillaries the blood accepts the oxygen from the alveolus and deposits carbon dioxide into the alveolus. 4. Airway pressures are not everywhere equal, being most negative in the alveoli. 5. During inspiration pleural pressures become more negative, the widening tendency increasing.