ВСТУПЛЕНИЕ 5 страница

and Involuntary Muscles» at home. 4. We translated 5 sentences from this text. 5. Last Monday we had a practical lesson on the structure and functions of smooth muscles.

Упражнение 20. Ответьте на вопросы по данному образцу:

Образец:Why can't you go home? (to attend the lecture)

I cannot go home, because I must attend the lecture. 1. Why can't you consult a doctor? (to go to the Institute) 2. Why can't you give me your book? (to return it to the library) 3. Why can't she finish her test? (topreparefortheexamination)

Упражнение21. Переведите следующие предложения с модальными глаголами:can, may.

1. The joints between bones can move more or less easily. 2. In the ear we can only see the external ear and the external passage. 3. We may call the numerus, armbone, but there is no special name for radius. 4. We may use this drug three times a day.

Упражнение 22.Переведите следующие предложения, определите функции словthat (those).

1. The special feature of that textbook on anatomy is that it has many pictures. 2. One of the most interesting problems in medicine is that of pathogenesis. 3. Note that in the middle the bone consists of very compact tissue. 4. Will you name the diseases that are not infectious? 5. Metabolic diseases are those in which certain physiological processes become disturbed.

Упражнение_ч23. Переведите следующие предложения на английский язык.

1. По структуре и функции мышцы можно разделить на три груп­пы. 2. Гладкие мышцы сокращаются непроизвольно. 3. Соединитель­ная ткань гладких мышц включает нервы и кровеносные сосуды. 4. Поперечно-полосатые или скелетные мышцы реагируют на измене­ния в окружающей среде. 5. Волокна сердечной мышцы непрерывны.

Часть II

Слова к части II

produce [pra'dju:s] vпроизводить, uterus[ ju:t9ras] nматка

образовывать, давать elongate ['ehngeit] vудлиняться)

consist [ksn'sist] v (of)состоять (из) .vary [veari]vизменять(ся), варьи-

tongue [tAo]nязык ровать

larynx ['laerigks] nгортань, глотк£ adult ['aedAlt] nвзрослый, совершен­нолетний supply [sa'plai] vснабжать, обеспе­чивать; nснабжение, обеспечение complex['komplaks] а сложныйbymeans [mi.nz]ofпосредством, при помощи

attach [a'taetf] v (to)прикреплять (к) esophagus [I'sofsgss] nпищевод intestines [in'testinz]npi.кишечник, кишки various ['vearias] а различный

nucleus ['nju:klias] n ядро

both ... and [bouO ... and] cjкак ...

таки ..., и ... и ... disturb [dis'ta:b] v нарушатьdisturbance [dis'te:b9ns] n нарушениеsource [so:s] n источникsubject [sab'd3ekt] v подчинять, под­вергатьвоздействиюsubject ['sAbd3ikt] nпредмет, темаreach [ri:tj] достигать

Упражнения

Упражнение 1. Прочтите следующие слова в единственном и множествен­ном числе:

ед. число мн. число

nucleus ['nju:klias] — nuclei [ai]

nucleolus ['nju:klialas] — nucleoli [ai]

trabecula [tra'bekjub] - trabeculae [i:]

fascia [Тефэ] - fasciae [i:]

vertebra ['vatobra] - vertebrae [i:]

Упражнение 2.Переведите следующие предложения со словосочетаниями aswell (as).

1. Smooth muscles form the coat of some internal organs as well as a part of the capsule of the spleen. 2. Smooth muscles form the coat of some internal organs and a part of the capsule of the spleen as well. 3. You are to know physiology as well as anatomy.

Упражнение 3. Просмотрите текст В (время — 10 мин). 1) Скажите, каково строение поперечно-полосатых и гладких мышечных тканей. 2) Найдите предложения, где упогребляются: а) глаголы-сказуемые в формеContinuous; Г>) словаthat (those).3) Переведитеэтипредложения.

Text В

Skeletal and Smooth Muscles

Muscles are the active part of the motor apparatus: their contractions are producing various movements, when they are active. Functionally we divide all muscles into two groups: voluntary and involuntary muscles.

Voluntary muscles consist of striated muscle tissue and contract by I he will of the man. This group includes all the muscles of the head, trunk and extremities, i.e., the skeletal muscles, as well as those of some internal organs (tongue, larynx, etc.). The skeletal muscles are the or­gans of the muscular system. There are more than 400 skeletal muscles in the human organism: in adults they make up about two-fifths of the total body weight. Each skeletal muscle has an arterial, venous, lym­phatic and nervous supply. Muscles must always act in groups.

Skeletal muscles are complex in structure. They consist of muscle fibres of different length (up to 12 cm); the fibres are usually parallel to each other and are united (соединены) in bundles. Each muscle con­tains many such bundles. There are tendons at the ends of muscles by means of which they are bound (связаны) to bones.

Smooth muscles form the muscular coat of internal organs such as esophagus, stomach and intestines, bladder, uterus and so on. They also form a part of the capsule and the trabeculae of the spleen; they are present as single cells or as little cylindrical bundles of cells in the skin. They also form the walls of arteries, veins and some of the larger lym­phatics. JSmooth muscles are not rich in blood vessels, as are striated muscles. |A smooth muscle is capable of spontaneous contraction and can contract in two ways. Firstly, individual cells may contract com­pletely and secondly, a wave of contractions may pass from one end of the muscle to another^ Smooth muscle cells are usually elongated cells. In the skin and intestines they are long and thin, but in the arteries they are short and thick. They vary in length from 12—15 mm in small blood vessels to 0,5 mm in the human uterus but their average length in an organ such as the intestine is about 200 m. These cells have an oval nucleus that encloses nucleoli, and when the cell is contracting the nucleus may become folded or twisted.j

Muscles have both motor and sensory nerve fibres. Impulses (signals) about the state of the muscle reach the brain along the sensory fibres. The nerve impulses which cause the muscle to contract come from the brain along the motor fibres. Injury to the nerves which innervate mus­cles causes disturbances in voluntary movements (muscular paralysis).

Упражнение 5. Прочтите каждое суждение. Найдите в тексте предложения, более полно выражающие мысль данного суждения, и прочтите их.

1. The skeletal muscles are the organs of muscles system. 2. Skeletal muscles are complex in structure. 3. Smooth muscles form the muscular coat of internal organs, blood vessels and skin. 4. Smooth muscles are capable of cdfhraction. 5. Smooth muscle cells have some characteristic features. 6. Muscles have nerve fibres.

ЧастьIII

I

Контрольно-обобщающие упражнения к уроку 2

Упражнение 1. Укажите, в каких предложениях глагол стоит в формеCon­tinuous.

1. The muscles are contracting under stimulation. 2. Striated muscle tissue consists of large fibres. 3. The walls of the blood vessels are con- t racting or expanding in response to a stimulus. 4. Striated muscles are necessary for manipulating the bones of the skeleton.

(Ответ: 1,3. Если вы ошиблись, повторите § 11 Грамматическо­го справочника.)

Упражнение 2. Укажите и переведите предложения с модальными глаголами.

1. The muscles which we can control are called the voluntary mus­cles. 2. We do not control smooth and cardiac muscles. 3. Each type of muscles must perform definite functions. 4. Involuntary muscles control all the processes of the body. 5. We may divide all muscles into two groups.

(Ответ: 1, 3, 5. Если вы ошиблись, повторите § 17 Грамматичес­кого справочника.)

Упражнение 3. Укажите, в каких предложениях словоthatпереводится а) «что»; б) «который»; в) замещает существительное.

1. We call the muscles that form internal oigans are called visceral muscles. 2. We know that the cardiac muscle forms the heart. 3. The structure of smooth muscles differs from that of cardiac muscles.

(Ответ:a) 2; 6) 1; в) 3. Если вы ошиблись, повторите § 34 Грам­матического справочника.)

LESSON THREE

THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM

1. ВременагруппыPerfect (Active Voice)(§ 12)

2. Степени сравнения прилагательных (§ 3)

3. Функции и перевод словbecause, because of(§ 37)

Часть I

Слова к части I

cardiovascular[ ka:diou'vaeskju:b] a

сердечно-сосудистый circulate ['sakjuileit] vциркулировать circulation [,sd:kju:'leijn] nкровооб­ращение

circulatory [,s9:kju:leit9ri] ациркуля-

торныйartery ['a:tsri] n артерияvein [vein] n венаcapillary [ka'pilari] n капиллярthorax ['0o:raeks] n груднаяклеткаthoracic [09'raesik] агруднойatrium ['eitriam] n предсердиеauricle ['o:rikl] n предсердиеventricle ['ventnkl] n желудочекvalve [vaelv] n клапанpump[рлшр] v накачивать; n насосaorta [ei'o:ta] n аортаdissolve [di'zolv] v растворять(ся)nourish['плп/] v питать(ся) nourishment ['nAriJmsnt] n питаниеwhile [wail] cjвтовремя, как; тогдакак

impurity [im'pju:driti] ппримесьfluid ['fluid] пжидкостьminute [mai'nju:t]амаленький, мельчайший

Упражнения

Упражнение 1. Назовите основные формы следующих глаголов.

to keep, to flow, to mean, to think, to come, to give

Упражнение 2. Найдите в каждом ряду глагол во временах группыPerfect(см. таблицу в § 12 Грамматического справочника).

1. called; has called; is calling; 2. had thought; think; is thought; 3. shall have come; came; comes; 4. have given; gave; will give; 5. distinguish; has distinguished; distinguishes

Упражнение 3. Определите время и форму глагола-сказуемого в следующих предложениях.

1. We have just learned the general structure of the body. 2. The bones of the skull protect the brain structure from injury. 3. All the bones of the body are of different types. 4. Muscles are constantly assist­ing in the body movement. 5. The doctor had already examined the girl's heart when the professor came in. 6. We shall have got the books in anatomy by tomorrow morning.

Упражнение 4. Прочтите следующие группы слов. Найдите прилагательные в сравнительной и превосходной степени.

more flexible bony tissue, lower arm, less compact bone, inner por­tion, the longest bone, the most difficult test

Упражнение 5. Прочтите и переведите следующие предложения; опреде­лите, какую функцию выполняют словаbecauseиbecauseof.

1. Penicillin is an important antibiotic because of its antiseptic prop- erties. 2. Many infectious diseases are dangerous because it is difficult to treat them. 3. The false ribs received this name because they join the seventh rib at the point before they reach the sternum. 4. Acetabulum got its name because of its resemblance to a rounded cup which the Romans used for acetum.

Упражнение 6. Прочтите следующие слова и переведите их.

atrium ['eitriam], serum ['sidram], to contain [kan'tein], tricuspid Itrai'kAspid], valve [vaelv], oxygen ['эк$к1з(э)п], diaphragm ['daidfraem], blood [bUd]

Упражнение 7. Отработайте чтение следующих предложений.

1. By the [з] cardio'vascular /system j we 'mean the /heart, | the |i] /arteries, | the [э] /veins | and the [э] capillaries of the [э] human \body. |

2. From the 'left /heart | the well-oxyge'nated /blood | is 'pumped into a 'large /artery j 'called the [i] a\orta. |

3. The /artery j that re'ceives the 'blood from the 'right /ventricle j and 'carries it to the /lungs j is the 'pulmonary \artery. |

Упражнение 8. Запомните значения нижеприведенных суффиксов. Про­чтите и переведите производные слова.

1. прилагательное + -1у = наречие: gradualпостепенный— gradu­allyпостепенно.

anatomically, functionally, finally, freshly

2. -ist— встречается в существительных, обозначающих людей по профессии, занятию, убеждениям.

ecologist, chemist, anatomist, physiologist

3. -ate [eit] — суффикс глагола.

to communicate, to circulate, to separate, to graduate

4. -ate [it] (-ete, -ite, -ute)— суффикс прилагательных и суще­ствительных.

graduate, delegate, ultimate, accurate, complete, minute

5. -ward (s)- встречается в прилагательных, наречиях, предлогах, обозначая направление.

towards, upward, downwards, eastward, inward, backward, forward

3-846

Упражнение 9. Прочтите и переведите следующие гнезда слов.

1. pure, impure, purity, impurity; 2. to weigh, weight, weightless, weighty; 3. to circulate, circulatory, circulation; 4. artery, arterial, ar­teriole, arteriosclerosis; 5. to separate, separately, separation; 6. to nour­ish, nourishment

Упражнение 10. Прочтите и переведите следующие словосочетания.

molecular weight, to put on (to gain) weight, to lose weight, systemic circulation, circulating system, poor circulation, venous pulse blood, thoracic cavity

Упражнение 11, Просмотрите текст А. Разделите текст на 4 части и выразите основную мысль каждой из них.

Text А

The Circulatory (Cardiovascular) System

1. The cardiovascular system is the system of blood circulation. By the cardiovascular system we mean the heart, the arteries, the veins and the capillaries of the human body.

2. The centre of the circulatory astern is the heart. The human heart is a cone-shaped organ, about 5 fnches¹ long and 3 1/2 inches broad. It weighs aboutg in the adult male, 6 ounces in the female. It lies in the thoraiic'caity, just behind the breastbone and between the lungs. The heart is a hritlovv muscle which four chamber. The right heart consists of an tipper'chamber, the atribm or the'auricle and a

Jover chambere ventricle. Between these two chambers is a one-way lalve, the tricuspidvklve. The left heart has two chambers, but the valve that separates its chambers we call the mitral valve. Although the heart is a unit, anatomically and functionally, we may think of it as of two pumps - the «right heart» and the «left heart». The right heart receives blood from the veins and pumps it into the lungs by way of the lesser circulatory system. In the lungs the blood receives oxygen. Then it moves into the left heart. From the left heart the well-oxygenated blood moves into a large artery, the aorta. The blood returns to the heart by means of the veins. The walls of the capillaries are so thin that the dissolved nourishment that has come from the digestive system and the oxygen that has come from the lungs can pass through them into the tissues of the body and so nourish it. The capillaries form a close network all over the body. They gradually join together and get larger, and become veins.

Left

pulmonary artery Pulmonary artery

Left atrium

Mitral valve Aortic valve Left ventricle

Interventricular septum

Fig. 3. Diagram of the heart.

Right ventricle

3. Blood vessels that receive blood from the ventricle and lead it away from the heart and towards other organs are arteries («air duct» — Greek). The vessels received this name because the early anatomists assumed that they had been empty in dead persons and had carried air.The artery that takes up theblood from the right ventricle and carries it to the lungs is the («lungs» — Latin). The pulmonary artery divides in two - one branch leads to the right lung, the other — to the left. The arteries continue to divide and subdivide and form smaller and smaller vessels with thinner and thinner walls. The smallest arteries are the arterioles and these finally divide into capillaries («hairlike» — Lat­in). We name them so because of their fineness, though actually they are much finer than hairs.

4. Gradually the capillaries begin to join into larger vessels. Such larger blood vessels that carry blood to the heart from the organs are the veins. The smallest of these are the venules.

5. The particular vein into which the capillaries and venules of the lungs finally unite is the pulmonary vein. The pulmonary vein carries the freshly oxygenated blood to the left auricle. The pulmonary artery and pulmonary vein make up the pulmonary circulation.

6. The contraction of the left ventricle forces the blood through a one-way valve into the aorta («to lift up» — Greek). Thp aojjta is the largest artery in the body. It movfes upward at first (the ascending orta), but then arches over dorsally (the arch of the aorta). In its downward course, the aorta passes through the diaphragm.

7. The blood is a red fluid, which coagulates when escapes, from a blood vessel. It consists of a colourless fluid, plasma or and many millions of minute bodies, the corpuscles.

Notes

1. inch(сокр.in.) = 2,54 cm (centimetres)

2. ounce(сокр.oz.) = 28,33 gram (grammes)

Упражнение 12. Подберите к латинским словам английские эквиваленты.

Упражнение 13. Подберите пары синонимов.

substance, to supply, to nourish, because of, because, minute, tiny, to provide, to obtain, due to, fine, as, matter, to feed

Упражнение 14.Подберитепарыантонимов.

larger, upward, ascending, colourless, thick, colourful, thin, descend­ing, downward, smaller

Упражнение 15. Переведите следующие предложения. Определите, какими частями речи являются выделенные слова.

1. The number and even nature of the clots in the veins and arteries differ according to their size. 2. Under the microscope we can see the membrane which consists of a number of separate cells. 3. Blood includes minute bodies, which give the blood its colour. 4. Theheartmakes70-80 contrac­tionsaminute.

Упражнение 16. Переведите следующие предложения. Определите времен­ную форму глагола-сказуемого.

1. The heart is beating in the experimental animals even when we destroy the nerve supply. 2. The vena cava brings deoxygenated blood which has passed through the body to the right atrium. 3. During diastole, the atrium of the heart is filling with blood from the venae cavae and the pulmonary vein. 4. We were discussing the anatomy of the heart at the English lesson yester­day. 5. We shall still be working at this problem for another week. 6. The teacher corrected the tests which the students had written the day before.

Упражнение 17. Поставьте прилагательные в следующих предложениях в сравнительную или превосходную степень.

1. The veins are (large) than capillaries. 2. The aorta is the (large) artery which distributes the blood throughout the body. 3. I know the
structure of the heart (good) than that of the lungs. 4. Anatomy is (diffi­cult) subject for me. 5. The human heart weighs (little) than a pound.

Упражнение 18. Найдите в каждой колонке прилагательное в сравнительной степени.

л) shoulder b) other с) thinner

longer liver father

closer smaller thicker

larger summer greater

Упражнение 19. Переведите следующие предложения, выбрав подходящее мо смыслу слово в скобках.

1. The capillaries got their names (because, because of) they resem­ble hairs. 2. The blood reaches the arteries (because, because of) the contraction of the heart. 3. The two blood streams do not readily mix in the ventricle (because, because of) the muscular meshwork within its cavity. 4. (Because, because of) arteries carry blood away from the heart, they must be strong enough to withstand the high pressure of (he pumping action of the heart. 5. If we stimulate the nerve in the ear by electricity, the ear becomes blanched (because, because of) the arteries contract.

Упражнение 20. Переведите на английский язык.

1. Сердечно-сосудистая система включает сердце, артерии, вены и капилляры. 2. Кровь возвращается к сердцу по венам (посред­ством вен). 3. Правая и левая части сердца состоят из двух камер: предсердия и желудочка. 4. При сокращении левого желудочка кровь проталкивается в аорту. 5. Стенки капилляров такие тон­кие, что питательные вещества и кислород проходят через них в ткани.

Упражнение 21. Опишите сердечно-сосудистую систему, используя рис. 3.

Часть II

Слова к части II

close [klous]а близкий, закрытыйtiny ['taini]а очень маленький, кро- constitute ['konstitju:t] vобразовы- шечный

вать, составлять dilate [dai'leit] vрасширяться)

substance ['sAbstans] nвещество transparent [traens'peargnt] а про­зрачный, просвечивающийся flow [flou] vтечь, протекать; nпоток,

ток (крови) though[бои]cjхотя, несмотря на neckп шея

bloodpressure[Ъ1лс1 'preja] кровя­ное давление occur[э'кэ:] vпроисходить; встре­чаться dilation [dai'leif(d)n] п расширение,

распространение tracevследить, проследить, нахо­дить, различать thick [Oik]а густой, частый, плотный thesamepronтот же самый clot [kbt] п сгусток крови, тромб due [dju:]а должный, надлежащий; duetoвследствие, из-за, благо­даря;beduetoбыть вызванным, быть обусловленным

Упражнения

Упражнение 1. Переведите следующие словосочетания.

1. on the one side, on the other side, on the opposite side; 2. due to, in due time, with due respect; 3. according to the rule

Упражнение 2. Переведите следующие предложения. Определите какой частью речи являются выделенные слова.

1. The walls of the arteries and veins are thicker than those of the capillaries. The former are less permeable for fluid. 2. There are no blood capillaries in certain parts of the body. These are the epidermis, epitheli­um and some others. 3. We call the valve that separates the chambers, the atrium and the ventricle the mitral valve. 4.Both the superior and inferior venae cavae empty into the right atrium. Bothcarryvenousblood.

Упражнение 3. Просмотрите текст В (время 10 мин). 1) Скажите, что является предметом обсуждения. 2) Найдите предложения, где употреб­ляются: а) глаголы-сказуемые во времениPerfect;б) прилагательные в сравнительной и превосходной степени; в) словаbecause, becauseof. 2) Переведите эти предложения.

TextВ _Л

L. ¹ , / ^{: f} S ■ " - , Almost all parts of the body are vascular. Minute and very close-set

canals, whicfy^ave opened iijtp one another traVe^se them and consti­tute a smaU-meshfed The canals or rather tubes have distinct but very delicat^, yajls. The walls contain a membrane that includes a number of thin epithelial cells, which af^ bound (связаны) together at their edges. There is a small oval rj^feu^ irf dach^of these cells. These tubes are the blood capillaries. ТЬёуvary in

diameter from 7 to 12 mm. But there are certain parts of the body in which these blood capillaries

i, :.;) .

И

I ^ . _t Lesson 3 ❖ 71

[ Сpi оЙ.

have been absent. These are the epidermis and epithejiurr^ the jnail^ and hairs, the substance of the teeth and tfre tonsp^fejit сшпеа^Рof the eye.

Tiny rings of muscles, precapillary'-sphincters, regulate the flow of blood into capillaries. The question of nervous control of the precapil­lary sphincters still remains the subject of the study. ^лfl i ' '

The capillary tubes contain the red fluid, blood. They join on opposite sides and form larger tubes, with thicker walls, which are the smallest arteries on the one side, and veins, on the jotter, piepe apin^oirji on to larger arteries and veins, which ukimafely commu a few principal

arterial'and^Veridiiii trunks with the heart. The meffe fact that the walls of thesS vessels are thicker than those of the capillaries constitutes an impor­tant difference between the capillaries and the small arteries and veins.

The most important difference between these vessels and the capillar­ies, however, is that their walls jire pot onl^ ^thicker, but also more complex. They have got several coils* оце., at teasi, oy wftich Kas been muscular. The number and even nature of these coats differ according to the size because the vessels are not the same in the veins as in arter­ies, though the smallest veins and arteries resemble each other.

The venous system starts

with the vlfifteg into "which the capillaries empty. Sijiall veins and form larger ones. The larger veins join and form the vende tavae.

superior^ vena cava collects the blood from the head, neck, arms, and thorax, and the inferior Verfrcava, from the legs and abdomen. Both empty into the right atrium.

Pressure in the venous system is low. In the vein at the level of the heart the pressure would be more than 5—7 mm Hg.¹ It is evident that in the erect position blood,that returns to the heart from the feet has to overcome the force of gravity through a distance of about 4 ft.² Veins, probably because of the low blood pressure and the absence of pulse

кГЛл? ^rDr⁷/¹"t¹⁰ ' ! *Y /

waves, are in comparison to arteries, relatively intimune to disease. Phle­bitis sometimes occurs; this is the formaiton of blood clots within veins because of some infectious process in their walls.

-I *. t . L ' v . ^ .

Notes - f

l f > 'O) J

i

1. 5—7 mm Hg- 5—7 millimeters of Mercury

2. 4 ft—4 feet (foot = 30,5 centimetres) _v

Упражнение 5. Найдите в тексте предложения, более полно выражающие мысль каждого данного суждения, и прочтите их.

1. The capillaries form a small-meshed network. 2. The blood capillar­ies are absent in some parts of the body. 3. There are some differences

between the veins, arteries and capillaries. 4. The veins are more immune to diseases than the arteries. 5. Phlebitisisduetosomeinfection.

Часть III

Контрольно-обобщающие упражнения к уроку 3 Упражнение 1. Укажите, где глаголtohaveне переводится.

1. We have attended English lessons since September. 2. The heart is a hollow organ and has four chambers. 3. I have never been to Yaro­slavl. 4. The capillaries have thin walls.

(Ответ: 1,3. Если вы ошиблись, повторите § 12 Грамматического справочника.)

Упражнение 2. Переведите прилагательные и определите их степень сравнения.

1. slightest; 2. most coloured; 3. more delicate; 4. more permeable; 5. less infectious; 6. normal; 7. much more complex; 8. less transparent; 9. important; 10. much thicker; 11. much lower

(Ответ: положительная степень — 6, 9; сравнительная степень —

3, 4, 5, 7, 8, 10, 11; превосходная степень —1,2. Если вы ошиблись, повторите § 3 Грамматического справочника.)

Упражнение 3. Укажите, в каких предложениях словоbecauseпереводится «так как», «потому что». Переведитеэтипредложениянарусскийязык.

1. The heart pumps about five litres of blood in one minute because it beats 60—80 times a minute and ejects about 130 cubic centimetres of blood at each beat. 2. The woman's heart beats 6 or 8 times a minute faster than that of the man because of the smaller size of her heart. 3. The mouse's heart flutters at 500 beats per minute because of its tiny size.

4. The frog's heart beats 30 times per minute in warm weather because cold-blooded animals live at a much lower level of internal chemical activity.

(Ответ: 1, 4. Если вы ошиблись, повторите § 37 Грамматического справочника.)

Упражнение 4. Определите, в каких предложениях выделенное слово является сказуемым. Переведитеэтипредложения.

1. The heart beats72 times a minute. 2. The heart beats were weak. 3. The heart pumps the blood through the circulatory system. 4. The

heart is a pump that forces the blood-through the circulatory system. 5.Rest is necessary after hard worjc. 6. The dark glasses rest my eyes.

(Ответ: 1, 3, 6. Если вы ошиблись, повторите § 10 Грамматичес­кого справочника.)

Упражнение 5. Переведите следующие предложения.

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1. They obtained good results. 2. The fluid reduces friction which results from the heart movement. 3. A temperature decrease results in a slower heart rate. 4. We began our work after due consideration.

5. "His

sudden weakness was due to anaemia.

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LESSON FOUR I

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THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

1. ВременагруппыIndefinite, Continuous, Perfect (Passive Voice)(§ 14)