ESSENTIAL VOCABULARY

1.smarta 1) quick in movement, brisk, as a smart walk (pace, trot, etc.), e. g. He gave him a smart rap over the knuckles.

2) clever, quick-witted, skilful, as a smart man (boy, lad, writer, student, lawyer, businessman, talker); a smart idea (retort, say­ing, device, invention, etc.), e. g. He's too smart for me. I can't prove his guilt. You are smarter than lam, I suppose. You know more about the world than I do. You've made a smart job of it.

3) clever, often in an impudent way, shrewd, as a smart answer (reply, etc.), e. g. Don't get smart with me, young man, or I'll slap your face. 4) bright in appearance, new looking, as a smart house (car, garden, ship, etc.), e. g. They've painted their cot­tage yellow and it looks so smart 5) elegant, as a smart dress (hat, shoes), smart clothes (society), e. g. I say, you do look smart.

a smart alec(k)an impudent person who thinks he is clever, e. g. He's a smart alec(k).

smarten upv to get you act together, e. g. The manager told the workers to smarten up and increase their weekly output.

2.exchangen giving one thing and receiving another in its place, e. g. That was a fair exchange. There was an exchange of notes between the two countries. Our flat was small, so we got an exchange.

in exchange,e. g. You've lost my book, so I'll take yours in exchange.

to get (give) smth in exchange (for smth),e. g. Roberta expected to get Fred's obedience in exchange for all her care. They were given a better flat in exchange for their old one.

exchangevt to give one thing and receive another thing for it, as to exchange glances (views, classes, greetings, opinions, prisoners, etc.), e. g. As the coat was a bad fit, he decided to exchange it. Let's exchange seats.

to exchange words (blows)to quarrel, to fight, e. g. The boys exchanged blows and went their ways.

Syn. swap/swop (informal), e. g. I want to sit where you're sitting. Shall we swap round?

3. guiltn the fact of having done wrong, e. g. There is no evi­dence of his guilt. A strong sense of guilt was written all over his face.

a guilt complex,e. g. With such strict parents it's no surprise that the boy has a guilt complex.

Syn. blame, e.g. He is the kind of man who always tries to shift the blame onto the others.

Syn. fault, e. g. She loves him in spite of his faults.

to find fault with smb (smth)to find smth wrong with smb, e. g. She's always finding fault (with everybody).

Syn. to pick on smb for smth wrong, e. g. Whose fault is it? It is entirely your fault that we are late. You are picking on me.

through no fault of one's own,e. g. It happened through no fault of my own.

through no fault of mine(hers, his, ours, etc.), e. g. Your Ho­nour, I've been out of work through no fault of mine for two years.

Ant. merits.

guiltya having committed a crime, having done wrong, e. g. It is better to risk saving a guilty person than to condemn an innocent one.

Ant. innocent, guiltless

to be guilty of (doing) smth,e. g. The woman was guilty of giving false testimony.

to find smb guilty (innocent),e. g. the jury found the pris­oner guilty.

(to have) guilty conscience, a guilty look, smile, etc.,e. g. No matter how hard he tried to prove that he was innocent, his guilty look betrayed him.

to look (feel, sound, etc.) guilty,e. g. Though Tom did not look guilty, Aunt Polly was sure he was telling a lie.

to plead (not) guilty(not) to admit the charge at a law-court, e. g. Why should I plead guilty to something I didn't do? The defendant pleaded (not) guilty.

4.trustn 1) belief in the goodness, justice, strength of a person or thing.

to have (put, repose) trust in smb (smth),e. g. A child usually has complete (perfect) trust in his mother. Put no trust in him.

Ant. mistrust

2) a combination of business or commercial firms, e. g. "Shell Oil" is a powerful oil trust.

betray smb's trust, win smb's trust

trustvt/i 1) to have faith and confidence in, e. g. I trust him completely. He's not a man to be (who is to be) trusted too far. Don't trust him an inch. I don't trust him at all.

to trust to chance (to luck),e. g. Don't trust to chance.

to trust to one's memory,e. g. A forgetful man should not trust to his memory but should write things down in his note­book.

2) to give into the care of

Syn. to entrust

to entrust smth to smb(formal), e. g. Can I (en)trust the keys to Jack? We entrusted our life to a physician.

to entrust smb with smth(formal), e. g. Can we entrust him with the task?

3) to give as a task or duty, e. g. I am afraid he is too young to be entrusted with the job. Can we entrust the task to him ?

4) to allow a person without misgivings or feeling of doubt to do smth

to trust smb to do smth,e. g. Can we trust him to finish the experiment?

trustfula full of trust; not suspicious, e. g. It's a good thing to be trustful, but only up to a point.

Syn. trusting

trustinglyadv in a trustful manner, e. g. The child trusting­ly put his hand in mine.

trustworthya worthy of trust; reliable, e. g. He is an honest and trustworthy fellow. You can always rely on him.

5.effectn 1) immediate result, that which is produced by a cause, e. g. She turned pale at his words and he was frightened by the effect they had produced.

to be of little (much, no) effect,e. g. The protest was of no effect.

to be to no effect,e. g. My persuasion was to no effect; she refused to go.

2) influence, e. g. The children were suffering from the ef­fects of the heat Scientists study the effect of chemicals on each other.

to have (produce) an effect on smb,e. g. Ithink the medi­cine will have no effect (a good effect) on him.

3) performance, execution, as to take effect, go into effect, e. g. The law (treaty) will take effect in May.

to be in effectto be in operation (of a rule or law), e. g. The law is still in effect.

to bring (carry) into effect(about a plan, a law, a decision, etc.), e. g. The plan was brought (carried) into effect.

4) impression produced, as a pretty effect (of a painting); wonderful cloud effects

to be calculated for effectto be intended to impress people, e. g. His whole behaviour is calculated for effect.

to talk for effectto impress the hearers, e. g. Don't lay much store by his words, he only talked for effect.

effectivea 1) having effect (эффективный), as effective measures, an effective action, remedy, e. g. The method has proved effective. 2) producing a striking impression, as an ef­fective picture (hat, scheme of decoration, etc.).

Ant. ineffective

efficienta competent, performing duties well, as: an effi­cient secretary (workman, officer, army, staff of teachers, etc.)

efficientlyadv, e. g. The business is efficiently run.

6. jerkvt/i to pull or move suddenly, e. g. The door jerked open. The boy jerked the fish out of the water.

Ant. shove, e.g. He shoved the door open and walked in. The fisherman shoved the boat into the water.

Syn. twitch vt/i to move jerkily and usually uncontrollably, to pull at smth with a sudden jerk, e. g. Jane's face twitched with terror at the sight of the crazy woman. The wind twitched the paper out of her hand. Jane's lip twitched angrily.

jerk n a sudden quick pull; spasmodic movement, e. g. The old car started with a jerk. The train made a jerk and stopped.

physical jerks (colloq.) physical exercises, e. g. Do you do your physical jerks regularly?

Ant. shove n a vigorous push, e. g. Fred gave the boat a shove which sent it far out into the water.

Syn. twitch n a sudden pull or jerk, a sudden and usually un-.controllable movement of some part of the body, e. g. The twitch of her lips suggested a state of extreme annoyance.

jerkyadv (with sudden stops and starts), e. g. He walked down the street in a queer jerky way. Ant; smooth, even.

7. promote vt 1) to give higher position or rank, e. g. He was promoted lieutenant (or to be lieutenant). A pupil is promoted from one form (grade, class) to the next if his progress is satis­factory. 2) to encourage; to support; to help to grow or develop, e. g. We promoted the campaign for banning nuclear tests. I think we ought to promote that scheme.

promotion n 1) advancement to higher rank, e. g. He was given a promotion and an increase in salary. He hopes to get (win, gain) a promotion soon. 2) support, helping along to suc­cess, e. g. The doctors were busy in the promotion of a health campaign.

8. sounda 1) healthy; in good condition, as a sound mind, body, heart, person, constitution; sound teeth, fruit, etc, e. g. A sound mind in a sound body. In spite of her age every tooth in her head is sound. James Forsyte was composed of physiologi­cal mixture so sound that if he had an earache he thought he was dying.

(as) sound as a bell quite healthy, e. g. There's nothing the matter with me, I'm as sound as a bell.

safe and sound not harmful or injured, e. g. We reached home safe and sound. Her father returned safe and sound from the war.

2) not worn out; free from injury or defect, as a sound ship, wine, wall, construction, machine, etc., e. g. The building is of sound construction. 3) dependable; reliable; free from error, as sound morals, views, people, relationships, criticism, common sense; a sound person, reason, etc., e. g. My friend gave me a piece of sound advice. Soames had a reputation for sound judgement. I am convinced that sound-thinking citizens will never vote for this candidate. 4) safe, as a sound economy, busi­ness, business firm, financial position, investment, etc., e. g. The economy of the country is sound. 5) capable and careful; compe­tent, as a sound lawyer, scholar, tennis player, etc. 6) complete; thorough, as a sound whipping, (thrashing, flogging), sleep, knowledge, etc., e. g. I am such a sound sleeper that sometimes I don't hear the alarm clock.

soundlyadv in a sound manner, e. g. I slept soundly all night.

9. staken that which is pledged, e. g. In this dangerous af­fair the stake was his own life.

to put smth at stake (very rare) to expose to the possibility of injury 6r loss, e. g. The accusation put the man's life at stake.

to be at stake to be risked, e. g. Keith Darrant knew that his own career was at stake. I cannot do it, my reputation is at stake.

stakev to stake one's life oh smth, e. g. I know he is guilty but I wouldn't stake my life on it.

10. look v; also, look here interj. used for drawing attention before making a statement, often angry, e. g. Look here, I don't mind you borrowing my books, but you ought to ask me first.

to look about to look in several different directions, e. g. Looking about (the room) I could see no sign of life.

to look down on/upon to have or show low opinion, e. g. The school looks down on such behaviour.

to look on to watch instead of doing something, e. g. Two men stole the jewels while a large crowd looked on.

to look out to take care, e. g. You'll catch cold if you don't lookout.

one's own look-out (informal) smb's own concern or respon­sibility, e. g. It's your own look-out whether you pass or fail. .

to look up (informal) to find and visit someone, e. g. If I'm ever here on business again I'll look you up.

to look up to to respect someone, e. g. Every child needs someone to look up to and copy.