FOR - INFINITIVE CONSTRUCTION

Модель: for + сущ./местоимение в падеже + инфинитив

Правило перевода: Существительное или местоимение, стоящее после предлога "for" должно выполнить действие инфинитива. Часто переводится придаточным предложением с союзом "чтобы".

Пример: It is important for him to fulfill this task. Важно, чтобы он выполнил это задание.

1. For the reaction to take place two conditions must be met.

2. It is for you to analyze which of these two methods is wrong.

3. It is important for scientists to know the structure of the material world.

4. The tendency is for science to become more and more mathematical.

5. Eight minutes are required for light to travel from the Sun to the Earth.

6. For the system to be correct it must only use well-established components.

7. The approach suggested for the problem to tackle was suitable for students.

8. For any natural physical state to change, some changes of the condition acting upon this state must occur.

9. The equipment is too complex for a common operator to control.

10. For two molecules to react they must be in contact.

11. The time required for amount of radiation to be reduced to half the original amount is different for different materials.

12. It was impossible for us to make this axle rotate without anybody’s help.

13. Watch the operator to work; this is the most important thing for you to do at the plant.

14. For the exam to pass successfully you have to work at your English during the whole term.

15. It is not quite difficult for students to work regularly.

16. The time required for a mass to come to rest can be calculated without difficulty.

17. The problem discussed is too complex for you to handle.

18. There is nothing for them to worry about.

19. The students were waiting for the assistant to adjust the device for work.

20. It is advisable for post-graduates to know at least one foreign language.

21. For а body to be set in motion an external force should be applied.

22. It was for him to give a report at the meeting of our Scientific Society.

23. A new way of mathematical analysis is the task for the group to solve.

24. Several weeks are in need for this process to finish its loop.

25. For the validity of a new theory to be proved a lot of experiments are to be carried out.

26. It is usual for a score or more of major new construction projects in a dozen countries to be under construction simultaneously.

27. During inflation there is a tendency for prices and wages to rise, that is, for the value of money to fall.

28. There are no reasons for the business cycle to exist in the planned economy.

29. There will undoubtedly be tendencies for monopoly states to break away from international ties in order to rescue their national economies from the crisis.

30. A group of journalists and photographers was waiting for the icebreaker to arrive.

5. MODAL VERBS + PERFECT INFINITIVE

Модель: модальный глагол (may, must/ have to /be to, can/could, should, ought to) + перфектный инфинитив(have +V₃)

Правило перевода:

а) may - вводным словом “возможно”, всё остальное предложение –в прошедшем времени.

You may have seen this article in the book. - Возможно, ты видел эту статью в книге.

б)must - вводным словом “должно быть”, всё остальное в прошедшем времени.

He must have left.-Он, должно быть, ушел.

в) Предложения со всеми остальными модальными глаголами (should, ought to, could) переводятся также в прошедшем времени, но с оттенком упрёка о несделанном, с частицей “бы”).

You should have taken the text-book in the library. – Вам следовало бы взять учебник в библиотеке (сожаление, упрёк в том, что не сделано).

* Модальные глаголы can/could + перфектный инфинитив в вопросительном и отрицательном предложениях могут переводиться словами «Неужели…+ прошедшее время» и «Не может быть, чтобы… + прошедшее время»

Could he have come? – Неужели он пришел?

He couldn’t have come. – Не может быть, чтобы он пришел./ Он вряд ли пришел.

г) глагол to be в прошедшем времени + перфектный инфинитив обозначает действие, которое должно было произойти, но не произошло.

He was to have come. – Он должен был прийти, но не пришел.

1. The students must have finished their experiment.

2. The students may have finished their experiment.

3. The students might have finished their experiment.

4. The students can’t have finished their experiment.

5. The students needn’t have finished their experiment.

6. The students ought to have finished their experiment.

7. The students should have finished their experiment.

8. Can the students have finished their experiment?

9. The students were to have finished their experiment.

10. The students could have finished their experiment.

11. Could the students have finished their experiment?

12. The students couldn’t have finished their experiment.

13. The students would have finished their experiment.

14. The students shouldn’t have finished experiment.

15. The experiment must have been finished.

16. The experiment may have been finished.

17. The experiment might have been finished.

18. The experiment can’t have been finished.

19. The experiment needn’t have been finished.

20. The experiment ought to have been finished.

21. The experiment should have been finished.

22. Can the experiment have been finished?

23. The experiment was to have been finished.

24. The experiment could have been finished.

25. Could the experiment have been finished?

26. The experiment couldn’t have been finished.

27. The experiment shouldn’t have been finished.

28. Rigidity in this new structure must have been as essential as strength.

29. He may have got the condenser he needed.

30. He might have known that to cut down the flow of water in a pipe you need only to shut off a valve.

31. Each shift might have followed on where the preceding one stopped.

32. He couldn’t have said it. This line should have been put into operation long ago.

33. Could he have overlooked such a serious mistake?

34. They ought to have paid more attention to the problem of fuel consumption.

35. You were to have used a device specially designed to measure certain physical changes in the atmosphere.

36. Originally, the Earth’s temperature must have been extremely high.

37. The student ought to have been careful while working, with this instrument. Now the instrument is broken.

38. They should have tested the new equipment.

39. You might have done this work yourself.

40. He may have finished his experiment, but we are not sure.

41. The explosion must have occurred long ago.

42. No living beings could have survived in such a climate.

43. Some problems of science could not have been solved without isotopes.

44. Could these rocks have been more than 5000 years old?

45. Life may have existed on this distant planet.

46. You might have made the experiment more carefully.

47. I could have gone to the conference, but I lost my invitation.

48. This phenomenon was to have been considered.

49. I don’t think it could have been the textbook you mentioned yesterday.