Descriptive and prescriptive

UNIT ONE

Ex.1.Приведите однокоренные русские эквиваленты.

limit, form, phenomenon, penalty, referee, incident, detail, gravity,
economics, religion, compensation, concentration, corruption,
instruction, natural, social, civil, general, ignore, criticize, legal.

Ex. 2. Переведите, обращая внимание на суффиксы, и скажите, от
какой части речи образованы эти слова,
actually, continually, penalty, instruction, government, driver,
descriptive, prescriptive, educational, social, legal, national, cultural,
punishment.

Ex. 3. Выучите следующие слова и выражения.
law - закон, право
to enforce laws - проводить законы в жизнь
descriptive law - описательный закон
prescriptive law - предписывающий закон
to make laws - создавать законы
to punish - наказывать
punishment - наказание
to commit a crime - совершить преступление
to prosecute - преследовать в судебном порядке
prosecution - судебное преследование
violence-насилие
offence - проступок
justice - правосудие
to escape justice - избежать правосудия
a rule - правило

to break a rule - нарушить правило
a penalty - наказание

to suffer a penalty -понести наказание
a fine - штраф

to fine - штрафовать
a civil action - гражданский иск
to accept - принимать
to belong - принадлежать
to consider - считать, рассматривать
lo demand - требовать
to deal with - иметь дело с

to do with smb/smth - иметь отношение к кому-л. или чему-л.
a custom - обычай

Ex. 4. Прочитайте и переведите текст.

WHAT IS LAW?

Descriptive and prescriptive

The English word "law" means various forms of behavior. Some laws
arc descriptive: they simply describe how people, or even natural phenom-
ena, usually behave. An example is the law of gravity; another is laws of
economics. Other laws are prescriptive - they prescribe how people ought
to behave. For example, the speed limits are laws that prescribe how fast we
should drive.

In all societies, relations between people are regulated by prescriptive
laws. Some of them are customs - that is informal rules of social and moral
behavior. Some are rules we accept if we belong to particular social and
cultural groups. And some are laws made by nations and enforced against
all citizens.

Customs need not be made by governments, and they need not be written
down. We learn how we are to behave in society through the instruction of
family and teachers, the advice of friends, etc. Sometimes, we can break
these rules without any penalty. But if we continually break the rules, other
members of society may criticize us, or refuse to have anything to do with
us. The ways in which people talk, eat and drink, work, and relax together
are usually guided by many such informal rules.

The rules of social instructions are more formal than customs, carrying
penalties for those who break them. Sports clubs, for example, often have
detailed rules for their members. But if a member breaks a rule and refuses
to accept any punishment, the club may ask him or her to leave the club.

However, when governments make laws for their citizens, they use a sys-
tem of courts and the police to enforce these laws. Of course, there may be
instances where the law is not enforced

Ex. 5. Найдите в тексте эквиваленты следующих слов и выражений.
установленные ограничения скорости, отказываются иметь с
нами что-л. общее, отказываются принять наказание, некото-
рые могут избежать правосудия, имеется система судов и по-
лиция, которые требуют исполнения законов (проводят зако-
ны в жизнь), поведение.

Ex. 6. Найдите неправильное утверждение.

1. In all societies relations between people are regulated by customs
and traditions.

2. The speed limits imposed on a driver is an example of a
prescriptive law.

3. In general it is very easy to escape justice.

4. Both customs and are enforced by governments.

Ex. 7. Просмотрите текст и выделите в каждом абзаце предложение,
несущее основную смысловую нагрузку.

Ex. 8. Переведите на русский язык, обращая внимание на причастие II.

1. laws made by the governments.

2. customs used by people.

3. relations regulated by....

4. laws accepted by the society.

5. laws enforced by the police and courts.

6. crimes ignored by the police.

Ex. 9. Соедините части в предложения, используя необходимый модальный глагол.

1.Citizens must a. obey the laws

2. Children should b. protect people

3. The police have to c. go to school every day

d. behave properly

e. be attentive

f. know the customs of the country

Ex. 10. Ответьте на вопросы:

1. What is a descriptive/prescriptive law? Can you give your own
example?

2. What is the difference between a custom and a law?

3. In what way is the law system described in the text similar to that
of your country?