MEASURING TEMPERATURE.

Temperature is a measure of the intensity of heat. It is usually expressed in degrees Centigrade (C) or, in English-speaking countries, in Fahrenheit (°F). The point on which the centigrade scale is based arethe melting point of ice (0°C) and the boiling point of water at atmospheric pressure (100 °C). The relation between °С and °F is expressed by the following formula:

°С = (°F - 32) • 5/9 ; °F = 1.8°C + 32

If heat is removed from a body, the temperature of the body falls until a point is reached where no more heat can be removed. This point is called absolute zero, and lies 273 degree below the zero point of the centigrade scale, that is, at -273°C (-460°F).

There are two other temperature scales, the Kelvin or absolute and Rankine. On the Rankine scale the boiling point of water is fixed at 672° and its freezing point at 492°. On the absolute scale temperature is measured in degrees Centigrade from the point at which molecular motion ceases. Absolute zero, as it was said above, is -273°C.

The thermometers are all identically made but each has a different scale. In the United States the Fahrenheit scale is commonly used in civil life, and Rankine scale is used by engineers. The Centigrade and Kelvin scales are used in all countries for scientific measurements.

Exercise.

Calculate the temperatures on the Fahrenheit thermometer. Comment the calculations in English. Mind the reading of mathematical symbols:

+ plus, positive

- minus, negative

x or^.multiplied by,times /or — divided by

() brackets

1) the boiling point of nitrogen is -196°C

2) the melting point of nitrogen is -210°C

3) the boiling point of oxygen is -183°C

4) the melting point of oxygen is -219°C

5) the solidification point of carbon dioxide is -78.5°C

6) the boiling point of ammonia is -33°C

7) the boiling point of Freon-12 is -30°C

8) the boiling point of volatile liquid F-ll is 24°C

9) the melting point of lithium is 180°C

Lesson C.

Speech Practice, Education in Britain. British Higher Education.

In Britain most young people leave formal education after their GCSEs (General Certificate of Secondary Education). They may do clerical or administrative work, perhaps in a bank: secretarial jobs; manual labour, on a construction site for instance; join the army, police or fire service. Students who want to continue their studies may take vocational training in typing or catering, say, at colleges of further education. For "A" levels (Advanced level education) there are sixth form colleges and in fact secondary schools may have their own sixth form department

"A" levels are a prerequisite for a place at university. Students take two years to study three subjects in some depth. There is a lot of work to achieve good grades (a pass is from A to E) in order to get onto the degree course and to the university of your choice.

Quite a range of university courses are available from Accountancy to Zoology. They generally last for three years, the main exception being medicine (seven years). Tuition fees are paid for by students' local educational authorities (LEAs) but accommodation and living expenses are not provided for. Students may receive an interest fee loan from banks to meet such costs if their family is not in a position to. The loan is to be repaid after graduation when the student is earning a living.

The oldest and most prestigious universities are Oxford and Cambridge.

Famous alumni of Oxbridge include Milton, Darwin, Byron, Newton, Wilde and even Bill Clinton. Their unique feature is the collegiate system whereby students are affiliated to separate colleges whithin the university. Students receive one to one tuition and enjoy excellent library and research facilities. The rivalry between Oxford and Cambridge is as old as they are and most keenly illustrated in the varsity sport competitions.

(The Open University is a much more recent phenomenon. It is open to students who cannot attend a standard residential university whether due to work or family commitments, or a lack of formal qualifications. There are no entrance requirements and study is by correspondence course.

After finishing their degree, students receive the title of ВA Hons (Bachelor of Arts with Honours) or BSci Hons ( Bachelor of Science with Honours). They may take up managerial position in firms, civil service, social, scientific work or embark on further specific vocational training for one of the professions. If graduates can get funding they may continue their studies and do an MA (Master of Arts, a one year course) or a PhD (a doctorate, involving three years of research).

Exercises:

I. Remember the synonyms:

alumni — graduates

lack — absence

manual labour — hand work

vocational — professional

grade — level

embark — enter

II. Learn the words:

catering /'keitəriN/ — обслуговування

tuition fee — плата за навчання

accommodation — проживання

living expenses — життєві витрати

interest fee loan — відсоткова ссуда, запозичення

to earn one's living — заробляти на життя

to affiliate — відноситися

prerequisite /pri:rekwizit/ — незаперечна умова

one to one tuition — індивідуальне навчання

research facilities — наукове обладнання

(устаткування)

rivalry /'raivlri/ — суперництво, змагання

varsity /'va:s(i)ti/ — університетський

to attend — відвідувати

entrance requirements — вступні вимоги

by correspondence — заочно

title — титул, звання

Bachelor of Arts — бакалавр мистецтва

Bachelor of Science — бакалавр наук

funding — фінансування

Master of Arts — магістр мистецтва

Ph.D. — доктор філософії

III. Problems for discussion:

1. What is necessary for entering university GCSE or "A" level? What is the difference between GCSE and "A" level?

2. Is university education free of charge in Great Britain? What about our country?

3. What are the peculiarities of Oxford and Cambridge educational systems?

4. What is the Open University? Who can study in it?

5. How long does it take a student to receive the title of BA.Hons. or B.Sci.Hons? What are the necessary conditions to do an MA or a Ph.D.?

6. Compare systems of higher and postgraduate education in our country and in Great Britain.

Read and translate the following text.

Compare systems of secondary education in Ukraine and in Great Britain.