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SKYSCRAPER CONSTRUCTIONSkyscrapers start with a very large hole in the ground which will contain the foundations, several floors, and possibly even a metro or subway station. The type of foundations depends on the nature of the ground. Usually they are made by drilling narrow, deep holes and filling them with reinforced concrete to form piles. Another method is to drive steel piles, as much as twenty metres in length, into the ground. A thick raftof concrete is laid on top of the piles. Vertical steel columns are bolted to the foundations. Each column rests on a platform of steel to spread the load. Steel girders are fixedhorizontally from column to column to form a strong framework. Metal decking is laid across the girders and filled with lightweight liquid concrete. When it sets, it forms the floors. Ducts are installed below the floors to carry all services: electricity, water, drains. All metalwork is fireproofed. If a fire happens, it is important that the structure can withstand high temperatures without buckling. The outside of the building is covered in cladding. This consists of prefabricated panels of materials such as stainless steel, aluminium, and glass.
II. VOCABULARY
III. READING COMPREHENSION 1. Answer the questions
1. What do skyscrapers start with? 2. What does the large hole contain? 3. What does the type of foundations depend on? 4. How are foundations usually made? 5. What is another method? 6. Why does each column rest on a steel platform? 7. How are vertical steel columns fixed to the foundations? 8. In what way a strong framework is formed? 9. How are the floors formed? 10. Where are ducts installed? 11. For what reason is all metalwork fireproofed? 12. What is the outside of the building covered in? 13. What does cladding consist of?
2. Read the statements and say whether they are true (T) or false (F). Correct the false ones
1. Skyscrapers start with a very large hole in the ground. 2. The type of foundations depends on the framework of the building. 3. Foundations are usually made by drilling narrow, deep holes and filling them with reinforced concrete to form girders. 4. A thick raft of concrete is fixed on top of the piles. 5. Vertical steel columns are bolted to the foundations. 6. Steel girders are fixed to metalwork to form a strong framework. 7. Metal decking is filled with reinforced concrete. 8. Ducts are installed below the floors to spread the load. 9. All metal work is covered in cladding. 10. The outside of the building consists of prefabricated panels of materials such as stainless steel, aluminium, and glass.
3. Choose the correct word or word combination
1. Skyscrapers start with … . a. foundations b. floors c. cladding 2. The type of the foundation ... the nature of the ground. f. rests on b. lays on c. depends on 3. Deep holes are drilled and filled with ... concrete to form piles. a. reinforced b. stainless c. prefabricated 4. Another method to make foundations is ... piles into the ground. a. to form b. to drive c. to set 5. A thick raft of concrete is laid on top of the ... . a. columns b. piles c. panels 6. Vertical steel columns ... to the foundation. a. are fireproofed b. are fixed c. are bolted 7. Each column rests on a platform of steel ... the load. a. to cover b. to spread c. to form 8. Steel ... are fixed horizontally from column to column to form a strong frame work. a. panels b. holes c. girders 9. When lightweight liquid ... sets, it forms the floors. a. structure b. metalwork c. concrete 10. Ducts ... below the floors. a. are laid b. are installed c. are drilled 11. It is important that the structure can ... high temperatures without buckling. a. spread b. contain c. withstand 12. The ... of the building is covered in cladding. a. framework b. outside c. foundation
4. Complete the sentences
1. Skyscrapers start with ... 2. The type of foundations … 3. Foundations are usually made … 4. Another method is to ... 5. A thick raft of concrete ... 6. Vertical steel columns … 7. Each column rest on… 8. Steel girders are fixed ... 9. Metal decking is laid … 10. When lightweight liquid concrete sets … 11. Ducts are installed to .... 12. All metalwork is ... 13. If the fire happens, it is ... 14. The outside of the building ...
IV. ANALYZE 1. Match the words and expressions with their Russian equivalents
2. Match the words with their definitions
3. Put the words in the correct word order
1. Hole / the / start / a / large / ground / with / very / in / skyscrapers / . 2. On / foundations / the / depend / of / ground / of / nature / the / type/ the / . 3. Piles / steel / to / is / method / drive / the / another / ground / into / . 4. Top / thick / a / raft / laid / of / concrete / the / piles / of / is / on / . 5. Foundations / are / steel / the / columns / to / bolted / vertical / . 6. Steel / platform / of / each / to / rests / a / load / on / column / the / spread / . 7. Column / steel / are / girders / to / column / fixed / from / horizontally / . 8. Decking / laid / is / metal / the / girders / across / . 9. Below / ducts / the / are / floors / installed / . 10. Concrete / light / when / liquid / forms / it / sets / floors / the / . 11. Metalwork / all / fireproofed / is / . 12. In / the / outside / is / cladding / the / covered / of / building / .
4. Give the English equivalents
небоскреб……………………………………………………….…………………. бурить скважину………..………………………………………………………... железобетон………..…………….………………………………………………... забивать стальную сваю………...………………………………………………… заливать опорную фундаментную плиту..……………………………………… закладывать фундамент….……………………………………………………….. скреплять болтами………….……………………………………………………. стальная колонна…………………………….......……………………………… опираться………...……….………………………………………………………... распределять нагрузку………………….………………………………………… закреплять балку………………..……………………..…………………………... формировать прочный каркас………………………………………………….. металлические профильные листы……………………………………………… наполнять бетоном…………………….………….………………………………. прокладывать трубопровод……………………………………………………… проводить коммуникации………………………………………………………… металлические конструкции……………………………………………………… выдерживать высокие температуры……………………………………………... без перекашивания, коробления ………………………………………………… облицовывать специальным покрытием…………………………………………
5. Prove the following statements
1. Foundations can be made in different ways. 2. There are some stages to form a strong framework. 3. To form a strong framework several important things are done.
V. TRANSLATE 1. Строительство небоскребов начинается с котлована ………………………………………………………………. ………………………………………………………………. 2. В основании небоскребов находятся фундамент, несколько этажей и, возможно, даже станция метро. …. ………………………………………………………………. ……………………………………………………………… 3. Тип фундамента зависит от свойств грунта………………………………….. ………………………………………………………………………………....... 4. Обычно фундаменты закладываются путем бурения узких глубоких скважин и наполнения их железобетоном…………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………... …………………………………………………………………………………... 5. Другим методом закладки фундаментов является забивание стальных свай в грунт…………………………………………………………………….. …………………………………………………………………………………... 6. Опорная фундаментная плита устраивается сверху на сваи. ......................... …………………………………………………………………………………... …………………………………………………………………………………... 7. Вертикальные стальные колонны крепятся болтами к фундаменту……….. …………………………………………………………………………………... …………………………………………………………………………………... 8. Каждая колонна опирается на стальную платформу, для распределения нагрузки………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………... …………………………………………………………………………………... 9. Стальные балки фиксируются горизонтально от колонны к колонне, чтобы сформировать прочный каркас………………………………………... …………………………………………………………………………………... 10. Металлические профильные листы укладываются поперек балок и заливаются легким бетоном………………………………………………….. ………………………………………………………………………………….. 11. Трубопроводы укладываются под полами для проводки коммуникаций: электричества, воды и канализации………………………………………….. …………………………………………………………………………………. 12. Все металлические конструкции защищены противопожарными покрытиями…………………………………………………………………….. ………………………………………………………………………………….. 13. В случае пожара очень важно, чтобы структура могла выдержать высокие температуры и не коробилась………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………... 14. Внешняя поверхность здания облицовывается специальным покрытием.. ………………………………………………………………………………….. ………………………………………………………………………………….. 15. Покрытие представляет собой специальные панели из нержавеющей стали, алюминия и стекла. …………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………..
VI. SPEAK
1. Interview
Work in pairs and prepare an interview Student A is a high school student who is doing a project on skyscraper construction. Student B is a Civil Engineer who has a great work experience in skyscraper construction.
2. Speak about the stages of skyscraper costruction
UNIT 8
I. LISTENING AND READING Listen to the text Read and translate the text
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