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Утверждать
| STATE | ASSERT | ARGUE | CLAIM | |||
| to formally give a piece of information or your opinion, esp. by saying it clearly | to state clearly and firmly that sth is true | to give reasons why you think that sth is right/wrong, true/not true, etc., esp. to persuade people that you are right | to say that sth is true although it has not been proved and other people may not believe it |
(b) Look at the statement below. It was made in four different situations. Report the statement using the verbs above. Note: for each situation only one verb is appropriate.
| ‘Psychology is not a science,’ | (1) said the lay person, but failed to give any reasons to support his position. | The lay person … | that psychology is not a science. |
| (2) said the professor of psychology, ‘because its methods are not purely scientific’. | The professor … | ||
| (3) said the student who thought that ‘science’ meant only ‘natural science’. | The student … | ||
| (4) said one of the students. | One of the students … |
Task 17. [individually]
(a) Study the meanings of the English words below that can be used for the Russian СПОРНЫЙ. Note the difference between them.
| liking to argue; involving a lot of arguing | ||
| controversial | contentious | |
| causing a lot of angry public discussion and disagreement | likely to cause disagreement between people |
спорный
| not certain; that you do not accept without question | not necessarily true; able to be questioned | that you have doubts about because you think it is not accurate or correct | ||
| arguable | disputable | questionable | ||
| that you can give good reasons for | likely to be dishonest or morally wrong |
(b) The words above differ not only in their meanings but also in the patterns they occur in. Study these patterns.
It is arguable that = used in order to give good reasons why something might be true
It is arguable / questionable whether = used to show that something is not certain, or not definitely true or correct, and therefore easy to doubt
(Highly) controversial / contentious / questionable+ noun,
but not highly arguable / disputable + noun
(c) 
Fill in the gaps with appropriate words from the diagram. Sometimes more than one choice is OK.
1. Even a decade ago, that would have been a __________ assertion.
2. It is __________ that careful study of reading strategies considerably improves one’s reading proficiency.
3. Her concern about my problems is __________, since we have never got along well with each other.
4. The meeting was highly __________ because the parties involved took radically different positions on the issue.
5. The results of his research are highly __________ because he is not the kind of person who would apply much effort to what he does.
6. The value of the picture is __________ .
7. Whether the new system of admission to universities in our country is an efficient one is a highly __________ issue.
8. It is __________ whether the age of six is a reasonable one for children to start school.
Task 18. [in pairs]
(a) Study the words below and complete the diagram with Russian equivalents and
examples.
| pure sciences | applied sciences | |
| concerned with increasing knowledge of the subject rather than with using knowledge in practical ways | used in a practical way; not theoretical | |
| … | … |
| science |
| natural sciences | the humanities / the Arts / liberal arts | social sciences | exact sciences | |||
| sciences concerned with studying the physical world | the subjects of study that are concerned with the way people think and behave | particular subjects connected with the study of people in society | sciences using accurate measurements and following set rules | |||
| естественные науки | … | … | … | |||
| chemistry … … | … … … … | … … … … | … … … |
(b) Try to find out the difference between ‘scientist’ and ‘scholar’ and complete the diagram with the definitions of these words.
Ученый
| scientist | scholar | |
| … | … |
Task 19. [individually]
(a) Study the words below. All of them share a similar general meaning. Study the example sentences, then match each word with the definition that best covers the shade of meaning it has. Note the patterns each word occurs in.
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