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Psychological terminology. Study the terms below, compare their meanings with non-specialized ones and provide Russian equivalents
Task 13. [individually]
Study the terms below, compare their meanings with non-specialized ones and provide Russian equivalents
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(Colman A.M. (2003) A Dictionary of Psychology. New York: Oxford University Press)
Task 14. [individually].
(a) Complete the chart building appropriate parts of speech.
| perspective | adjective | representative of the perspective |
| 1) behaviorism | behavioral | behaviorist |
| 2) | cognitive | |
| 3) psychoanalysis | ||
| 4) psychobiology | ||
| 5) | humanistic | |
| 6) | phenomenological | |
| 7) | cross-cultural |
(b) Fill in the gaps with appropriate words from the chart above.
| B | PHENOMENOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE Unlike the other approaches we have considered, the (1) …………… perspective focuses almost entirely on subjective experience. It is concerned with the individual's personal view of events — the individual's (2) ……………... This approach developed partly as a reaction to what (3) ………………. perceived as the overly mechanistic quality of the other perspectives to psychology. Thus, (4) ………………… psychologists tend to reject the notion that behavior is controlled by external stimuli ((5) ……………….), or by just the processing of information in perception and memory ((6) …………… psychology), or by unconscious impulses ((7) ………………. theories). Also, (8) …………………. psychologists have different goals than psychologists operating from the other perspectives: they are concerned more with describing the inner life and experiences of individuals than with developing theories or predicting behavior. (9) ……………………. psychologists believe that we are not acted on by forces beyond our control, but instead we are actors capable of controlling our own destiny. We are the builders of our own lives because each of us is a free agent—free to make choices and set goals and therefore accountable for our life choices. This is the issue of free will versus determinism. Some phenomenological theories are also called (10) ……………. because they emphasize those qualities that distinguish people from animals: for example, the drive toward self-actualization. According to (11) ………………. theories, an individual's principal motivational force is a tendency toward growth and self-actualization. All of us have a basic need to develop our potential to the fullest, to progress beyond where we are now; although we may be blocked by environmental and social obstacles, our natural tendency is toward actualizing our potential. With its emphasis on developing one's potential, phenomenological or (12) ………………. psychology has been closely associated with encounter groups and various types of "consciousness-expanding" and mystical experiences. It is more aligned with literature and the humanities than with science. […] In fact, some (13) …………….. reject scientific psychology altogether, claiming that its methods can contribute nothing to an understanding of human nature. This position, which is incompatible with our definition of psychology, seems far too extreme. The (14) ……………….. view makes a valuable point as a warning that psychology needs to focus its attention on solving problems relevant to human welfare rather than studying isolated bits of behavior that happen to lend themselves to an easy scientific analysis. But to assume that problems of mind and behavior can be solved by discarding all that we have learned about scientific methods of investigation seems fallacious. To quote one psychologist concerned with this issue, "We can no more afford a psychology that is humanistic at the expense of being scientific than we can afford one that is 'scientific' at the expense of human relevance" (M. B. Smith, 1973). (Atkinson R.L., Atkinson R.C., Smith E. E., Bem D. J. Hilgard E. R. (1989). Introduction to psychology. Harcourt brace jovanovich international edition.) |
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