Syntactic stylistic devices fall into 4 types based on certain principles. The table that follows illustrates this division.

Devices based on the principle of juxstaposition (непосредственное соседство, соприкосновение) of the parts of an utterance

A repetition or reiteration [ri:`ItəreIS@n] of the same word or phrase in a sentence or sentences which may have different uses: 1) it lends a peculiar emotional force or emphasis to what is being said. It may also make the utterance more rhythmical. It is often used in oratorical style to make the speaker’s meaning clear, to lay greater emphasis on his statements so that the listeners could grasp (понять, схватить othe full significance of what he says.

anaphora [@`n{f@r@] (анафора) - word or phrase repeated at the beginning of successive clauses or sentences.

e`piphora (эпифора) – the repetition of a word or phrase at the end of successive clauses.

anadiplosis ( подхват) - the repetition of the last phrase or word at the beginning of a new clause; sometimes the repeated word may not be the word itself but its derivative. E.g. In the days of old men made manners, manners now make men.(It is also a case of chiasmus. See below).

Syntactical parallelism or a parallel structure – the repetition of the same syntactical pattern. Syntactical parallelism and a repetition of the same word often go together. E.g. The seeds you sow – another reaps/The robes you wear– another wears.

Chiasmus [kai'{zm@s] - (хиазм, инверсия во второй половине фразы). For example, He rose and down she sat. The structure of two successive sentences may be described as reversed parallel construction, the word order of one of the sentences being inverted as compared to that of the other: E.g. Down dropped the breeze. The sails dropped down. The device is effective in that it helps to lay emphasis on the second part of the utterance, which is opposite in structure. Chiasmus can appear only when there are two successive sentences or coordinate (сочиненный) parts of a sentence. Syntactical chiasmus is sometimes used to break the monotony of parallel constructions.

Antithesis - (антитеза), (contrast) - a figure of speech in which irreconcilable (несовместимый, противоречащий) opposites or strongly contrasting ideas are placed in sharp juxtaposition and sustained tension, as in the saying “Art is long, and Time is fleeting.” Ot in Shakespeare’s “Youth is nimble/Age is lame”. The opposing clauses, phrases, or sentences are roughly equal in length and balanced in contiguous grammatical structures Antithesis ccn be used in one sentence or in a number of sentences or paragraphs.

Enumeration - a device which integrates both homogenous (однородный) and heterogenous (гетерогенный, разнородный) elements of thought into one whole creating a rhythmical effect. E.g. The principal production of these towns …appear to be soldiers, jaws, chalk, shrimps, officers….

Suspense – a stylistic device based on the author’s desire to delay giving the reader the most important information. In trying to do so he puts the less important, subordinate facts and details first withholding the main idea till the end of the sentence. Its function is to keep the reader in a state of uncertainty and expectation. E.g. Two women who were hasting home to scramble husbands’ dinners together – it was five minutes to four – stopped to look at her.

Gradation градация or (climax)[7] ['klaim@ks] нарастание – is an arrangement of sentences which secure a gradual increase in significance, importance, or emotional tension in the utterance. For example, They looked at hundreds of houses, they climbed thousands of stairs, they inspected inumerbale kitchens. As is seen, here each successive unit is perceived as stronger than the preceeding one.