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Identify the devices by their descriptions.
1 The repetition of the same syntactical pattern ……………………………………………………………………………
2 The repetition of the same word or phrase at the beginning of clauses or sentences …………………………………………………………………………...
3 The repetition of a word or phrase at the end of successive clauses …………………………………………………………....
4 The repetition of the last phrase or word at the beginning of a new clause ……………………………………………………....
5 Inversion in the second part of a phrase or clause ………………………........................................................................
6 The deliberate avoidance of conjunctions …………………………………………...............................................
7 The repetition of conjunctions in close succession ……………………………….............................................................
8 Contrast …………………………………………………………..
9 Naming a list of objects both animate and inanimate one by one……………................................................................................
10 The arrangement of author’s ideas according to the degree of their importance …………………………………………………….
11 A style of narration in which the events are described from the point of view of a literary character ……………………………...
12 A question asked without expecting an answer …………………………………..........................................................
13 The syntactic reversal of the normal order of the words and phrases in a sentence …………………………………………....
14 Deliberate omission of a word or words in a sentence or phrase……………………………………………….............................
15 Break-in-the-narrative ………………………………………...
16 The use of a negative to mean a positive ………………………………………..................................................
160 Grammar revision and extension
Inversion, whether used in fiction[8] or in everyday speech, aims at attaching logical stress or additional emotional colouring to the surface meaning of the utterance. Although some patterns of inversion have been provided, this phenomenon needs further consideration and consolidation. Study the table below and do the exercises that follow.
| Inversion covers two different grammatical operations a) using a question form of the main verb; b) changing the normal position of verb and subject. | a) Not only did he fail to report the accident, but also later denied that he had been driving the car. b) Along the street camea very strange procession. |
| Inversion after negative adverbials or adverbials having implicit negative or restrictive meaning: | |
| § never, rarely, seldom(commonly used with perfect simple tenses, or with modals can/could) | Never have I heard a weaker excuse! Rarely can a minister have been faced with such a problem. Seldom has the team given a worse performance. |
| § hardly, barely, scarcely, no sooner (normally used with past perfect, although no sooner can be followed by past simple) | Hardly had the train left the station, when there was an explosion. Scarcely had I entered the room when the phone rang. No sooner had I reached the door than I realised it was locked. (No sooner was the team back on the pitch than it started raining) |
| § only with time expressions: only after, only when, only later, only if (usually used with past simple): | Only after posting the letter did I remember that I had forgotten to put on a stamp. |
| § little (has a negative or restrictive meaning) | Little does the government appreciate what the results will be. |
| § phrases with no/not: under no circumstances, on no account, at no time, in no way, on no condition, not until, not only….. (but also). | On no condition are they to open fire without a warning. Not until I got home did I notice that I had the wrong umbrella. |
| Inversion after so/such + …that:( so + adjective, such + noun phrase) | So devastating were the floods that some areas may never recover. Such was the force of the storm that trees were uprooted. |
| Inverted conditional sentences without if: | Had I known, I would have protested strongly. Should he have cheated, he will have to be punished. Were the police to have found out, I would have been in trouble. Should you hear anything, let me know. |
| Inversion after as: | We were short of money, as were most people in our neighbourhood. I thought, as did my colleagues, that the recession would soon be over. |
| Inversion after so, neither, nor: | I am going home – So am I. I don’t like meat. – Neither do I. |
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