WHAT IS REQUIRE FROM LIFE

I have to accept the universe as it is. I must not require the impossible and I shall do harm rather than good if I try to imagine perfect being in a perfect world. But given the world as it is, I can say what I may reasonably hope both for myself and for others.

I was born in a peaceful age, and in my youth I looked forward to a life of peace. Since 1914 I have been living in a heroic age, and I see no prospect of surviving into another epoch of peace and quiet. So I must try to make the best of the time in which I live. What do I ask for myself? I assume that I have food, water, clothes, and shelter.

First, work, and a decent wage for my work. Aristotle defined happiness, not as a sum of pleasures; but as unimpeded activity. I want work, which is hard but interesting, work, of which I can see the fruits. I am exceptionally lucky because 1 can choose my own work to a large extent. If I want a respite from science, I can go and be a war correspondent, or write children's stories to make political speeches.

I require health. I do not mind occasional toothache, or even on acute illness every seven years or so, but I want to be fit for work and enjoyment in the intervals, and to die when I can work no longer.

I require friendship. Particularly I require friendship of my colleagues in scientific and political work. I want the society of equals who will criticize me, and whom I can criticize. I cannot be friends with a person whose orders I have to obey without criticism before or after, or with one who has to obey my orders in a similar way. And I find a friendship with people much richer or poorer than myself very difficult.

These things are general human needs...

1. What do you think are general human needs?

2. What is Aristotle's definition of happiness? Do you support it?

3. Why do we have to accept the universe as it is?

WOMEN'S RIGHTS

Ought women to have the same rights as men? A hundred years ago the answer in every country in the world would have been "No". If you had asked, "Why not?" you would have been told mat women were weaker and less clever than men, and had worse characters. Even now in the Twentieth Century, there are many countries where women are still treated almost like servants or even slaves.

It is certainly true that the average woman has weaker muscles than the average man. Thousands of years ago, when men lived in caves and hunted animals for food, strength of body was the most important thing. But now, in the Twentieth Century, brains are more important. Strength of body is still needed for a few kinds of work, but the fact that such kinds of work are not well paid shows that the Twentieth Century does not think that muscles are of great importance.

What about women brains? Of course, in countries where girls are not given so good education as boys they know less. But in countries where there is the same education for both, it has been clearly shown that there is no difference at all between the brain of the average woman and that of the average man. There had been women judges in Turkey, women ambassadors in America, women ministers in the British government and women University professors in many countries.

But women can do one thing that men cannot: they can produce children. Because they, and not men, do this, they usually love their children more, and are better able to look after them, since they are more patient understanding with small children. For this reason, many women are happier if they can stay at home and look after their house and family than if they go out and do the same work as men do. It is their own choice, and not the result of being less clever than men.

1. Why was it generally believed a hundred years ago that women ought not to have the same rights as men?

2. What work does the writer mention that women have done as well as men?

3. Which is better for women - to work or to stay at home and to look after their house and family?

Контрольное задание N4

Для правильного выполнения задания N 4 необходимо изучить следующие разделы курса английского языка:

1. Структура простого распространенного предложения. Главные и второстепенные члены предложения и способы их выражения.

2. Сложное предложение. Типы придаточных предложений. Бессоюзное подчинение в определенных и дополнительных придаточных предложениях.

3. Неличные формы глагола. Объектный инфинитивный оборот. Субъектный инфинитивный оборот. Причастный оборот.

4. Безличное и неопределенно-личное предложение.

5. Способы выражения отрицания в английском языке.

Вариант 1

I. Перепишите следующие предложения. Подчеркните в них подлежащее. Предложения переведите на русский язык.

1. Henry brought his mother some flowers.

2. Uncle Jim considered him a fool.

3. The leading lady was excellent.

II. Перепишите следующие предложения. Подчеркните в них сказуемое. Предложения переведите на русский язык.

1. All birds sang.

2. The birds were singing beautifully.

3. The bird is a good singer.

III. Перепишите следующие предложения. Подчеркните в них дополнение. Предложения переведите на русский язык.

1. What have you got there to аsk?

2. I know all about it.

3. You must forgive me coming at such late hour.

IV. Перепишите, письменно переведите на русский язык следующие предложения, принимая во внимание, что объектный и субъектный инфинитивные обороты большей частью соответствуют придаточным предложениям.

1. We watched the cab drive away.

2. They are known to be very friendly.

3. I saw him cross the street.

V. Перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык безличные и неопределенно-личные предложения.

1. It is a boring place.

2. There was a lot of traffic.

VI. Перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык отрицательные предложения.

1. No cars are allowed in the city centre.

2. She said she would contact me but she neither wrote nor phoned.

3. There were a few letters this morning but none of them were for me.

VII. Перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык следующие предложения, учитывая различия в переводе зависимого и независимого причастных оборотов.

1. Feeling tired, I went to bed early.

2. Having found a hotel, we looked for somewhere to have dinner.

3. Taking a key out of his pocket, he opened thе door.

VIII. Переведите следующие предложения на русский язык. Разделите сложное предложение на простые предложения. Подчеркните в них подлежащее и сказуемое.

1. This was what I wanted to do.

2. "What you ask is impossible" said Harry.

3. Whether he talked or not made little difference to me then.

IX. Определите тип придаточного предложения. Предложения переведите на русский язык.

1. What he loved best in the world was painting.

2. He looked just as he had looked ten years ago.

3. I wonder if he likes his job.

4. It was the best book that he had ever read.

5. Stay here until you hear from me.

X. Определите, какое значение имеет глагол would в следующих предложениях.

1. You would feel better if you took more exercise.

2. Would you like a cup of coffee?

3. He promised he would come in time.

Вариант 2

I. Перепишите следующие предложения. Подчеркните в них подлежащее. Предложения переведите на русский язык.

1. There are a lot of letters in the mailbox.

2. The brave deserved the reward.

3. Only five were injured in the accident.

II. Перепишите следующие предложения. Подчеркните в них сказуемое. Предложения переведите на русский язык.

1. She grew fine roses in her garden.

2. The boy grew a fine young man.

3. The explanation sounds false.

III. Перепишите следующие предложения. Подчеркните в них дополнение. Предложения переведите на русский язык.

1. She didn't know how to talk with him about it

2. You must look into people as well as at them.

3. When you have nothing to say, say nothing.

IV. Перепишите, письменно переведите на русский язык следующие предложения, принимая во внимание, что объектный и субъектный инфинитивные обороты большей частью соответствуют придаточным предложениям.

1. We know his discoveries to have produced great changes in that field of science.

2. This medicine is said to be very effective.

3. Everybody knows him to be the author of that bestseller.

V. Перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык безличные и неопределенно-личные предложения.

1. It's dangerous to walk in the road.

2. There was a lot of traffic.

3. One must know all the properties of this substance.

VI. Перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык отрицательные предложения.

1. No one in the class did their homework.

2. Neither Liz nor Robin came to the party.

3. John and I couldn't get into the house because none of us had a key.

VII. Перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык следующие предложения, учитывая различия в переводе зависимого и независимого причастных оборотов.

1. Not having a car, she finds it difficult to get around.

2. I fell asleep watching TV.

3. Having already seen the film twice, I didn't want to go to the cinema.

VIII. Переведите следующие предложения на русский язык. Разделите сложное предложение на простые. Подчеркните подлежащее и сказуемое.

1. "May I ask how you heard this?" - he asked.

2. What we've got to decide now, however, is whether we really trust him or not.

3. And this is what he remembered.

IX. Определите тип придаточного предложения. Предложения переведите на русский язык.

1. Whether they ever tried to encourage Peter was unknown to him.

2. That was what she did that morning on reaching home.

3. I don't know what you mean to say.

4. He remembered the day when he was awarded the gold medal.

5. He will discuss the problem with you whenever you like to come.

X. Определите, какое значение имеет глагол would в следующих предложениях.

1. What would you do if you won a million pounds?

2. Would you like a cup of coffee?

3. He was not sure if he would come.

Вариант 3

I. Перепишите следующие предложения. Подчеркните в них подлежащее. Предложения переведите на русский язык.

1. That sounds strange.

2. Не is believed to be a great authority on the subject.

3. Where to get the money was a problem.

II. Перепишите следующие предложения. Подчеркните в них сказуемое. Предложения переведите на русский язык.

1. They were enjoying the game.

2. I believe it the truth.

3. He seemed an interesting chap.

III. Перепишите следующие предложения. Подчеркните в них дополнение. Предложения переведите на русский язык.

1. Never take anything for granted.

2. Ask me no questions, and I'll tell you no lies.

3. If you don' t think about the future, you cannot have one.

IV. Перепишите, письменно переведите на русский язык следующие предложения, принимая во внимание, что объектный и субъектный инфинитивные обороты большей частью соответствуют придаточным предложениям.

1. We all have seen the plane take off.

2. We watched the plane disappear into the clouds.

3. The plane was reported to have crashed not far from the airfield.

V. Перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык безличные и неопределенно-яичные предложения.

1. It didn't take us long to get here.

2. Is there a flight to Paris this evening?

3. In London one must get used to the left-side traffic.

VI. Перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык отрицательные предложения.

1. I said nothing.

2. Nobody tells me anything.

3. She had no difficulty finding a job.

VII. Перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык следующие предложения, учитывая различия в переводе зависимого и независимого причастных оборотов.

1. Jim hurt his arm playing tennis.

2. Having done all her shopping, Lucy went for a cup of coffee.

3. Being unemployed, he hasn't got much money.

VIII. Переведите следующие предложения на русский язык. Разделите сложное предложение на простые. Подчеркните подлежащее и сказуемое.

1. The woman who I wanted to see was away on holiday.

2. Now the question is whether he'll go back on his word or not.

3. But you know perfectly well this is not what I mean.

IX. Определите тип придаточного предложения. Предложения переведите на русский язык.

1. I shall always think so as long as I live.

2. The weather was wet and cold for quite a while, as it often can be in the west county in early summer.

3. I was terribly afraid that someone might meet me there.

4. Two men, neither of whom I had ever seen before, came into my office.

5. To have the reputation of possessing the most perfect social tact, talk to every woman as if you loved her, and to every man as if he bored you.

X. Определите, какое значение имеет глагол would в следующих предложениях.

1. Would you please be quiet? I'm trying to concentrate.

2. Would you mind if I use your phone?

3. He said there would be a lot of people at the party.

Вариант 4

I. Перепишите следующие предложения. Подчеркните в них подлежащее. Предложения переведите на русский язык.

1. Somebody is knocking at the door. Who is it?

2. It was foolish to say so.

3. They say the third time is always lucky.

II. Перепишите следующие предложения. Подчеркните в них сказуемое.

Предложения переведите на русский язык.

1. It is unlikely to happen.

2. We live to learn.

3. The dog went running after his master.

III. Перепишите следующие предложения. Подчеркните в них дополнение. Предложения переведите на русский язык.

1. When people agree with me I always feel that I must be wrong.

2. Everybody talks about the weather but nobody does anything about it.

3. I wish you good luck.

IV. Перепишите, письменно переведите на русский язык следующие предложения, принимая во внимание, что объектный и субъектный инфинитивные обороты большей частью соответствуют придаточным предложениям.

1. I want him to do it.

2. The teacher was heard to be very experienced.

3. We heard someone knock at the door.

V. Перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык безличные и неопределенно-личные предложения.

1. It's a long way from here to the airport.

2. There's nothing to do here.

3. One can understand this word without a dictionary.

VI. Перепишите и письменно реведите на русский язык отрицательные предложения.

1. None of this money is mine.

2. Neither restaurant is expensive.

3. There were no shops open.

VII. Перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык следующие предложения, учитывая различия в переводе зависимого и независимого причастных оборотов.

1. A man ran out of the house shouting.

2. The girl walking in the street attracted my attention.

3. Having been served lunch the committee members discussed the prohlems.

VIII. Переведите следующие предложения на русский язык. Разделите сложное предложение на простые. Подчеркните подлежащее и сказуемое.

1. The time when he was to leave came quickly.

2. This is not easy as it looks.

3. I insist upon it that you confess everything.

IX. Определите тип придаточного предложения. Предложения переведите на русский язык.

1. What you want is plenty of exercise.

2. The trouble is that it is too late now.

3. She said that it was too late.

4. I'll be glad whenever you come.

5. The book I told you about is still on sale.

X. Определите, какое значение имеет глагол would в следующих предложениях.

1. If she were not so absent-minded, she would not have lost the way.

2. He explained he would do his best to keep his word.

3. We would be glad to see you again.

Вариант 5