Define parts of speech. Translate the words.

the very, slab, tensile, coarse, crush, gravel, member, cast, quality

105. Combine the given attributes a) with the given nouns; b) follow the Russian combi­
nations.

Model: дробленый гравий - crushed gravel

a) crushed, coarse, fine

b) sand, gravel, aggregate

дробленый песок - ____________________________________

крупный гравий —_____________________________________

мелкозернистый заполнитель —_________________________

106. Read the terminological combinations. Translate them from Russian.

concrete slab — бетонная плита

slab roof- кровля из плит

tensile strength — прочность на растяжение

site of foundation - пласт под фундаментом

slab covering — настил из плит

107. Translate the following combinations into Russian.

the very site of construction proportionally divided amounts

carefully mixed aggregates the very site of production

108.Choose the correct variant and put it down.

1. Concrete as a building material possesses (only advantages, both ad­
vantages and disadvantages)_____________ .

2. Concrete is considered to be a (universally used material, rarely used material) .

3. One of the qualities of concrete is that (it does not possess tensile strength, possesses tensile strength) .

4. Ferro-concrete is (rather popular, not popular)________ in the

modern construction.

5. Gravel is classified as (coarse, fine)____________ aggregate.

6. One of the good qualities of concrete is its (high, low)___ cost.

7. Concrete (decays and burns, does not decay and burn)____ .

109. Translate the following questions into Russian. Find answers in the article below.

1. What properties make concrete a highly used construction material?

2. What two types of aggregate are used for producing concrete?

3. Is sand a coarse or fine aggregate?

4. What ingredients does the quality of concrete depend upon?

5. How long does the process of hardening the mixed components last?

6. What is the difference between the so-called in-situ and precast con­crete?

7. What quality is considered to be the main disadvantage of concrete?

8. For what reason is tensile strength considered to be an important quality?

9. For what purpose are metals introduced into the structure of con­crete?

10.What metals is concrete frequently combined with?

11. When did the use of ferro-concrete start?

12. Would you like to live in a wooden or concrete building? Why?

Read and translate the article.

Concrete is considered to be a universal material for construction. Dif­ferent kinds of concrete can be used practically for every building purpose. The raw materials for producing concrete can be found in every part of the world. The main property that makes concrete so popular is that it can be formed into strong monolithic slabs. Another good quality is its relatively low cost. Besides, concrete is known to be fire- and decay-resistant.

Concrete is produced by combining coarse and fine aggregates, Port­land cement, and water. Coarse aggregate is generally gravel or crushed stone, and fine aggregate is sand. Cement, sand, gravel, and water are taken in proportional amounts and mixed. The quality of concrete depends mostly on the quality of the cement used. The process of production consists in pouring the mixed components into forms and holding them there until they harden. The process of hardening generally lasts for about 28 days.

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Essential Course

There exist different ways of producing concrete. It can be produced by mixing the ingredients and pouring the mixture into position on the very site of building. Concrete can also be produced in a factory, and used as a material for manufacturing prefabricated blocks. Accordingly, there exist the so-called in-situ (cast-in-place) concrete and precast concrete.

Concrete, as any other building material, has not only advantages but also disadvantages. Its main disadvantage is that it has no form of its own. Also, it does not possess useful tensile strength. Because of these qualities, in modern times construction concrete is very frequently combine*! with different metals. Most common of them are iron and steel.

The introduction of metal into the structure of concrete is highly advan­tageous. It strengthens the material and helps to realize its limitless construc­tion and architectural potential. It should be noted that the use of ferro-con-crete started only in the nineteenth century and is still gaining popularity.

PRECAST CONCRETE

Master the key terms and head words.

beam — балка, бимс storage — хранение, запас

compression — сжатие tank — бак, резервуар

decade — десятилетие tower — башня, вышка, опора
pipe - труба

110. Read the combinations. Translate them from Russian.

beam system — балочная конструкция

compression stress — напряжение на сжатие

storage tank — питательный резервуар

pipe installation - укладка труб

pipe joint - стык труб

tank tower — водонапорная башня

111. Put down the corresponding verbs. Translate the words.

Model: joint - to join — присоединяться к

compression - to_________________ —__________________

instal lation - to________________ -___________________

relation -to___________________ -___________________

combination — to________________ —__________________

storage — to__________________ —__________________

usage —to__________________ —__________________

Unit Eight. Concrete 63

service —to__________________ -___________________

production - to_________________ -___________________

pre- pre/. — заранее, предварительно pre-examine - исследовать заранее

112. Read the examples. Translate them from Russian,
prestressing — предварительное напряжение

prestressed reinforcement — предварительно напряженная арматура compressive stress - напряжение при сжатии

Read and translate the article.

Prestressed concrete is a relatively young product. It started to be widely used only during the last few decades, and is still gaining populari­ty. The reason of its popularity is its usefulness. The main good qualities of prestressed concrete are its high strength and durability. In prestressed con­crete, concrete is combined with steel. This combination is highly advan­tageous and serves the purpose of producing a compressed stress in the concrete as a building material. For this reason any member of beam is under constant compression and as a result has no cracks. In modern times this type of concrete serves as construction material for beams, for pipes, and columns, storage tanks, water towers and the like.

113. Answer the following questions.

1. What good qualities does prestressed concrete possess?

2. What metal is it combined with?

3. What purpose does this combination serve?

4. What constructions is prestressed concrete mostly used for?

We know concrete to be a universally used construction material. Various, most popular kinds of concrete and their main properties are listed below. Read the tables. Translate the examples a) from English into Russian; b) from Russian into English.

TABLEV

Types of Concrete

Essential Course

Unit Eight. Concrete

TABLE VI Properties of Concrete

114. Put down the combinations with the opposite meaning.

Model: poor quality concrete - high-grade concrete

high-strength concrete —___________________

cast-in-situ —

lightweight concrete —
plain concrete -____

115. Answer the following questions.

1. What kind of concrete has practically universal usage?

2. What kind of concrete is produced in factories?

3. What are the main qualities of precast concrete?

4. Why is concrete combined with metals?

5. What kind of concrete serves as construction material for beams, pipes, storage tanks, water towers and the like?

CONCRETE (continued)

Master the key terms and head words.

bridge - мост

cell — ячейка, клетка, канал в

пустотном кирпиче cellular concrete - ячеистый

газобетон