THE HISTORY OF JURISPRUDENCE

1.Jurisprudence already had this meaning in Ancient Rome, even if at its origins the discipline was a monopoly of the College of Pontiffs (The College of Pontiffs was a body of the ancient Roman state whose members were the highest-ranking priests of the polytheistic state religion), which detained an exclusive power of judgement on facts, being the only experts (periti) in the jus of traditional law (mos maiorum, a body of oral laws and customs verbally transmitted “by father to son”). Pontiffs indirectly created a body of laws by their pronunciations (sentential) on single concrete (judicial) cases.

2.Their sentences were simple interpretations of the traditional customs, but effectively it was an activity that, apart from formally reconsidering for each case what precisely was traditionally in the legal habits, soon turned also to a more equitative interpretation, coherently adapting the law to the newer social instances.

3.Under the Roman Republic, schools of law were created, and the activity constantly became more academic. In the age from the early Roman Empire to the 3^rd century, a relevant literature was produced by some notable groups including the Proculians and Sabinians. The degree of scientific depth of the studies was unprecedented in ancient times and reached still unrivalled peaks of skill. It is about this activity that it has been said that Romans had developed an art out of the law.

4.After the 3^rd century, Juris prudential became a more bureaucratic activity, with few notable authors. It was during the Byzantine Empire (5^th century) that legal studies were once again undertaken in depth, and it is from this cultural movement that Justinian’s Corpus Juris Civilis was born.

Определите, является ли утверждение:

Pontiffs interpreted laws according to traditional customs.

-: истинным

-: ложным

-: в тексте нет информации

Определите, является ли утверждение:

Romans were very skilled lawyers.

-: ложным

-: истинным

-: в тексте нет информации.

Определите, является ли утверждение:

First roman laws were written on parchment by pontiffs.

-: в тексте нет информации

-: истинным

-: ложным

Определите, является ли утверждение:

All types of law we know today came from laws of the Roman Republic.

-: в тексте нет информации

-: ложным

-: истинным

Укажите, какой части текста (1,2,3,4) соответствует следующая информация:

Byzantines extended legal studies.

-: 1

-: 4

-: 2

-: 3

Укажите, какой части текста (1,2,3,4) соответствует следующая информация:

First laws were created by priests.

-: 3

-: 4

-: 1

-: 2