From the History of Police Forces

Police is the agency of a community or government that is responsible for maintaining public order and preventing and detecting crime. The basic police mission - preserving order by enforcing rules of conduct or laws - was the same in ancient societies as it is in the contemporary sophisticated urban environments.

The conception of the police force as a protective and law enforcement organisation developed from the use of military bodies as guardians of the peace, such as the Praetorian Guard - bodyguard of the ancient Roman emperors. The Romans achieved a high level of law enforcement, which remained in effect until the decline of the empire and the onset of the Middle Ages.

During the Middle Ages, policing authority was the responsibility of local nobles on their individual estates. Each noble generally appointed an official, known as a constable, to carry out the law. The constable's duties included keeping the peace and arresting and guarding criminals. For many decades constables were unpaid citizens who took turns at the job, which became increasingly burdensome and unpopular. By the mid-16th century, wealthy citizens often resorted to paying deputies to assume their turns as constables; as this practice became widespread, the quality of the constables declined drastically.

Police forces developed throughout the centuries, taking various forms. In France during the 17^th century King Louis XIV maintained a small central police organisation consisting of some forty inspectors who, with the help of numerous paid informants, supplied the government with details about the conduct of private individuals. The king could then exercise the kind of justice he saw fit. This system continued during the reigns of Louis XV and Louis XVI. After the French Revolution, two separate police bodies were set up, one to handle ordinary duties and the other to deal with political crimes.

In 1663 the city of London began paying watchmen (generally old men who were unable to find other work) to guard the streets at night. Until the end of the 18^th century, the watchmen - as inefficient as they were - along with a few constables, remained the only form of policing in the city.

The inability of watchmen and constables to curb lawlessness, particularly in London, led to a demand for a more effective force to deal with criminals and to protect the population. After much deliberation in Parliament, the British statesman Sir Robert Peel in 1829 established the London Metropolitan Police, which became the world's first modern organised police force.

The force was guided by the concept of crime prevention as a primary police objective; it also embodied the belief that such a force should depend on the consent and cooperation of the public, and the idea that police constables were to be civil and courteous to the people. The Metropolitan Police force was well organised and disciplined and, after an initial period of public skepticism, became the model for other police forces in Great Britain. Several years later the Royal Irish Constabulary was formed, and Australia, India, and Canada soon established similar organisations. Other countries followed, impressed by the success of the plan, until nations throughout the world had adopted police systems based on the British model. The development of the British police system is especially significant because the pattern that emerged had great influence on the style of policing in almost all industrial societies.

In the U.S., the first full-time organised police departments were formed in New York City in 1845 and shortly thereafter in Boston, not only in response to crime but also to control unrest. The American police adopted many British methods, but at times they became involved in local politics. The British police, on the other hand, have traditionally depended on loyalty to the law, rather than to elected public officials, as the source of their authority and independence.

Список рекомендуемой литературы

1. Ю.Л. Гуманова, В.А.Королева, Just English. Английский для юристов. Базовый курс. Москва. Зерцало. 2006.

2. Английский язык для юристов под ред. А.А. Лебедевой Москва, Юнити. 2010.

3. Ю.Д. Ильин, Новый англо-русский и русско-английский юридический словарь / New English-Russian and Russian-English Law Dictionary, изд. Живой язык 2004.

Вопросы к зачету по БЖД для студентов заочной и очно-заочной форм обучения.

1. Предмет и задачи курса «безопасность жизнедеятельности».
2. Человек – окружающая среда. Экологическая безопасность.
3. Человек – техносфера. Аксиома потенциальной опасности.
4. Основные принципы обеспечения безопасности на производстве.
5. Классификация условий труда.
6. Человек – техническая система. Проблема управляемости.
7. Защита человека на производстве от опасностей технических систем.
8. Методы и средства защиты биосферы от техногенных загрязнений.
9. Мониторинг экологической безопасности.
10. Виды чрезвычайных ситуаций.
11. Защита населения от стихийных бедствий.
12. Защита населения от техногенных катастроф.
13. Чрезвычайные ситуации военного характера.
14. Особенности социальных катастроф.
15. Терроризм.
16. Средства защиты от вредных факторов на производстве и при ЧС.
17. Принципы оказания первой медицинской помощи.
18. Обеспечение безопасности при проектировании объектов.
19. Правовые и организационные основы обеспечения БЖД в РФ.
20. Экономические и внешнеполитические основы обеспечения БЖД в РФ.