ЗАДАНИЯ. 1. Найдите соответствия следующих терминов на русском языке; дайте определения каждого из них:

1. Найдите соответствия следующих терминов на русском языке; дайте определения каждого из них:

biological sex, gender, gender agreement, formal category, meaningful category, gender classifiers, obligatory correlation, person nouns, non-person nouns, neuter gender nouns, feminine nouns, masculine nouns, common gender nouns, personification

2. Подберите соответствия женского рода для следующих существительных мужского рода; прокомментируйте лексические средства выражения рода существительных:

boy-friend, landlord, lion, drake, sire, bridegroom, stallion, actor, bull-calf, man-producer, master, wizard, count, baron, bachelor, sultan, cock, buck, tom-cat, cock-sparrow, he-bear, jack-ass, businessman, executor, peacock, marquis, maharajah, beau, widower, hero

3. Определите род следующих существительных:

lady, boy, table, cat, mare, parent, chairman, chairperson, father, sun

4. Новая тенденция в английском языке, известная как “Inclusive language”, предполагает использование специальной языковой тактики для того, чтобы избегать упоминание рода в лексике и грамматике в соответствии с требованиями так называемой «политкорректности». Прокомментируйте следующие «политкорректные», «инклюзивные» языковые инновации, включающие а) создание новых существительных общего рода и б) новое использование местоимений третьего лица, считавшееся грамматически неверным в традиционной грамматике:

а) hostess, stewardess à flight attendant; statesman à politician, leader; fireman à fire fighter; businessman, business-woman à executive; policeman à police officer

б) 1) …no one can embarrass a young person in public so much as an adult to whom he or she is related (Angelou). 2) As is the rule with Chopra’s books, the proceedings finish with clearly laid-out instructions to help the reader find the magic lying at the heart of his or her own world (Time). 3) A tourist, browsing in a Paris shop, eating in an Italian ristorante, or idling along a Hong Kong street, will encounter three or four languages as she negotiates the buying of a blouse, the paying of a check, or the choosing of a trinket (Angelou). 4) These programs and services can make a big difference in helping a child reach her full potential (Woman’s Day). 5) Every student who turns in their paper late will lose half of their grade. 6) One gets into the way of imagining a person when one hears them talked about (Christie). 7) I don’t want to spend an hour listening to someone blame their mother (Ladies’ Home Journal).

5. Проанализируйте следующие случаи персонификации; поясните грамматический механизм и семантические основания данного явления:

а) 1) “What kind of car do you have?” Ochs’s eyes twinkled. “British Jaguar. She runs like the wind” (Isles). 2)”We have our differences, gentlemen, but the sea doesn’t care about that. The sea – well, she tries to kill us all regardless what flag we fly” (Clancy). 3)”Look at the moon up there. You see her very plainly, don’t you? She’s very real. But if the sun were to shine you wouldn’t be able to see her at all” (Christie). 4) “It looks like a lot of boats are heading into the North Atlantic… Two old Novembers. One’s a raven conversion doing an ELINT job off the cape. The other one’s sitting off King’s Bay making a damned nuisance of itself.” Ryan smiled to himself. An American or allied ship was a she; the Russians used the male pronoun for a ship; and the intelligence community usually referred to a Soviet ship as it (Clancy). 5) Russia will not solve the crisis using Western methods or Western thinking. She must turn inward, build on her own spiritual experience and her own spiritual insights to move ahead into a new future... The very least the Russian nation can do now for Orthodo­xy is to protect her from the outside world - at least for a few years - to allow her to get back on her feet and to embark on the course that Russia and Russians demand of Her (Moscow News). 5) If you own a dog, it’s entirely your responsibility what food she gets (Times).

б) 1) The Grim Reaper is often thought of as a skeleton in a cloak with a hood, carrying a scythe to reap (=gather) his crop (=the dead) (The Longman Dictionary of English Language and Culture). 2) I had been stalking the bluebottle fly for five minutes, wai­ting for him to sit down. He didn’t want to sit down. He just wan­ted to do wing-overs and sing the prologue to Pagllacci. I had the fly swatter poised in mid-air and I was all set. There was a patch of bright sunlight on the corner of the desk and I knew that sooner or later that was where he was going to fly. But when he did I didn’t even see him at first. The buzzing stopped and there he was (Chandler).